what is the smallest structural unit
the cell
4 quadrants of the body
1. RUQ
2. LUQ
3. RLQ
4. LLQ
What are the two main cavities?
Dorsal and Ventral
What does the dorsal cavity include?
It includes the Cranial cavity (Brain) and Spinal Cavity (Spinal Cord)
what does the ventral cavity include?
It includes the Thoracic Cavity and the Abdominoplevic cavity.
hyper = ?
above or " in excess"
for example: hyper ventilation =breathing more than normal
hypo =?
below or less than normal
for example hypo dermic= below the skin
what does Rna have?
Uracil
What does Dna have?
Thymine
what is the most important characteristic of the body structure?
Organization
what is supine?
lying face up on back
what is prone?
lying face down on stomach
a frontal (coronal plane) divides the body into which sections?
into anterior and posterior sections
a transverse plane divides the body into which sections?
a horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections
oblique planes
odd angles they are not parallel they are slanted
Midsagittal
divides the body into equal left and right halves
what does the abdominal cavity contain?
the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen
Thoracic Cavity
where is the mediastinum?
midportion of the thoracic cavity; heart and trachea located in mediastinum
Thoracic Cavity
where is pleural cavities?
right lung located in the right pleural cavity, left lung in the left pleural cavity
pelvic cavity contains?
reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of the intestine
what does the axial region contain?
head, neck, and torso or trunk
what does the appendicular region contain?
the upper and lower extremities (limbs)
positive feedback
they temporarily amplify or reinforce the change that is happening
for example: the events that cause rapid increases in uterine contractions before the birth of a baby
negative feedback
variable triggers a counteracting response to come to a set point
for example: when the brain (control center) receives feedback information from nerve endings called cold receptors (sensors) and responds by counteracting a change from normal by activating shivering by muscles (effectors)
what is homeostasis?
relative constancy of the internal environment or the "balance of the body"
feedback loops include?
a sensor, a control center, and an effector
feedback loop what is the senor, control, am effector?
the cold receptors are the sensors, the effector makes you shiver, and the
what is anatomy?
the study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts
what is physiology?
the study of the functions of living organisms and their parts
structure fits function
the shape of something is designed to do a specific job
for example: the structure of the human mouth is designed to receive food
what is pathology?
the study of disease
what are the chemical levels of organization?
Atoms and Molecules
what is matter?
anything that occupies space and has mass
what is the smallest unit of matter?
atom
what subatomic particles are atomis made of?
protons, electrons, and neutrons
what is at the core of each atom?
a nucleus composed of positively charged protons and uncharged neutrons.
four atoms that makeup 96% of the body
COHN
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
why do chemical bonds form?
to make atoms more stable
atoms bond to form molecules
if two hydrogen atoms "share" their single electrons with each other, then both will have full-energy shells, making them more stable as a molecule that would be as an atom.
if an atom donates an electron it gains what charge?
positive ion
if an atom receives an atom they receive what charge?
negative ion
covalent bonds
when atoms share electrons rather that donating or receiving them
water is the _____ in which most other compounds or _____ are dissoved
solvent; solutes
what are buffers?
chemcials in the blood that maintain pH
what is the basic unit of many carbohydrate molecules?
monosaccharide
what do cells use as their primary source of energy?
glucose (dextrose)
a molecule made of two saccharide units
a disaccharide
lipids include a group of fat-soluble molecules that include?
triglycerides, phosoplipsds, ad steriods