cluster of somas or ganglia in the brain
Nuclei
Change is getting you closer to threshold,Causes membrane potential to go up due to it being more positive,stimulus would cause opening of chemically gated Na+2 channels/calcium ions which depolarizes,channels close and go resting
excitatory
CAN NOT GET EXCITED AGAIN NO MATTER HOW HARD IT IS STIMULATED DUE TO OPEN VOLTAGE GATED IONS CHANNELS, TO START NEW ONE THE MUST BE CLOSED
ABSOLUTE REFRACTORY PERIOD
starts with one and and each one communicates with 2 more each time,single input increasing output
Divergent
Change gets you farther away from threshold,Opening ion channels will get more negative, Causes membrane potential to go down due to it being more negative,stimulation would release neurotransmitter that opening on chemically gated K+ channels
Inhibitory
PERIOD DURING WHICH ONLY EXTRAORDINARY STRONG STIMULATION CAN LEAD TO NEW AP,MEMBRANE POTENTIAN IS MORE NEGATIVE THAN POSITIVE SO IT IS STRONGER
RELATIVE REFRACTORY PERIOD
opposite of divergent,multiple input decreasing output
Convergent
branch and synapse w other neuron,causes same signal to happen over and over
Reverberating
single input single output but in the middle multiple
Parallel after-discharge
Communication path between brain and rest of body and signal coming from spinal cord 10/12 brain nerves are connected to brain stem+control of automatic functions that are needed for survival like heartbeat/cardiac center,respite ray center & vasomotor center
Brain stem or reticular formation
regulation (of automatic symptom) & alertness (reticular activating system)used for f&f
Function of reticular formation
Gyrus/transversely oriented ridges is called
Folia
Gives precise/real time status of all skeletal muscles in body and sending that to the cortex.Coordination of skeletal muscle movements and sending that to the motor cortex which is primary motor
proprioceptors
Functional anatomy of cerebrum
Has 3 distinctive areas:
- Cortex
- White matter
- Basal nuclei
Almost everything can happen in cortex except
Myelinated cortex
Primary motor is located in _ and it is important for _
central gyris-control of skilled movement
Pre motor is located in _ and it is important for _
frontal lobe-cortex is in charge of time&patterned units
Primarily auditory+association,located at _ and it is important for _
temporal lobe-includes ear like area called wernicke’s
Primarily somatosensory +association,located at_
parietal lobe
Frontal eye field
in charge of eyeball movement
Broca’s
in charge of movement of tongue in speech
Primary visual+association,located at
Occipital lobe
Language area,located in _ and it is important for _
temporal lobe-associated with broca’s & wernicke’s
Prefrontal cortex,Located in_ and it is important for _
frontal lobe-In charge of personality,thoughts,judgments etc.
Visceral sensory association,located in_
insula
All myelinated axons are-
White matter
communicate within the same hemisphere
Association fibers
connecting/communicating between the 2 hemispheres
Commissure [bridging]
communicate between upper and lower parts of brain hemispheres
Projection fibers
undesirable movement
Huntington disease
tremor,typical parking zone
Parkingson
doesn’t show symptoms until individual has kids,family history helps to make sure child doesn’t have effective gene
neurodegernative diseases of brain
choroid plexus-source for cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)+Pineal gland-secreting melatonin
Epithalamus
Central main relay station of the brain + its function is sorting,organizing and editing incoming signals
Thalamus
Hypothalamus:Master of visceral control and homeostases,gathers information from blood to intergrate and determine what has to be done,regulation of everything. BP,BT etc.
Regulation of endocrine function; CONTROL OF FEELING BEHAVIOR: feeling hungry/thirsty
Hypothalamus
Neurons are amitotic Which means
They don’t regenerate themselves
Spinal nerves are
mixed nerves
both loss of voluntary and involuntary control
Flascid paralysis
damage to motor cortex,only loss of voluntary movement
Spastic paralysis
Parlyzez is
loss of control
No neurilemma,dense collections of myelinated fibers is
White matter
No neurilemma,mostly soma and unmyelinated fibers
Gray matter
- Myelin sheaths are formed by
- oligodendrocytes
released into the synaptic cleft via exocytosis in response to synaptotagmin
Neurotransmitter
crosses the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitter
membrane permeability changes, causing an excitatory or inhibitory effect
Postsynaptic
Mask soma of sensory neurons
Satellite cells
Sense of smell belongs to
I.olfactory
Ability to see belongs to
II.optic
Ability to move and blink your eyes belongs to
III.Oculomotor
Ability to move your eyes up and down or back and forth belongs to
IV.Trochlear
Sensations in your face and cheeks, taste and jaw movements belongs to
V.trigeminal
Ability to move your eyes belongs to
VI. Abducens
Facial expressions and sense of taste belongs to
VII. Facial
Sense of hearing and balance belongs to
VIII.Vestibulocochlear
Ability to taste and swallow belongs to
IX.Glossopharyngeal
Digestion and heart rate and control of all visceral organs belongs to
X. Vagus
Shoulder and neck muscle movement belongs to
XI.Accesory
Ability to move your tongue belongs to
XII.Hypoglossal