Adrenal gland secretes ___
Epinephrine
Thyroid gland secretes ___
Thyroxine
Pineal gland secretes ___
Melatonin
Kidney gland secretes ___
Calcitriol
Which of the following statements are true about endocrine cells?
- They secrete hormones into blood
- They can be a neuron
- They are found as part of organs like the heart
- They are found within endocrine organs
___ is both a neurotransmitter and hormone
Norepinephrine
Hormone target cells ___
- Are found throughout the body
- Express a receptor for that hormone
- Convert the information carried in the hormone structure into a cellular signal
- Play key roles in the regulation of physiological processes
Hormone release is ___ regulated
Amplitude
Neurotransmitter release is ___ regulated
Frequency
How is epinephrine synthesized?
Enzymatic synthesis
How is insulin synthesized?
Gene transcript
How is steroids synthesized?
Enzymatic synthesis
How is ACTH synthesized?
Gene transcript
Hormones are released in response to ___
- Other hormones
- Changes in physiological systems
- Blood levels of key components
- Nervous system regulation
Lipid soluble hormones are transported ___
Complexed to carrier proteins
The half life of a lipid soluble hormone would be increased by?
Decreased metabolism
Which of the following statements does signal transduction refer to?
- The process by which neurotransmitter binding to the post-synaptic membrane results in an excitatory postsynaptic potential
- How the information inherent in hormone structure leads to a cellular change
- The process by which cells communicate with other cells
- The process by which sensory information is converted by sensory cells into action potentials
cAMP is produced by ___
Adenylate cyclase
Activation of adenylate cyclase leads to ___
Production of cAMP
Insulin cell transduction pathway
1-TMS
Steroids cell transduction pathway
Nuclear or cytosolic receptor
Epinephrine cell transduction pathway
GPCR
Growth hormone cell transduction pathway
RTKase
The mechanism of action for insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) involves ___
Phosphorylation of a tyrosine residue
Hormones that bind to 7-TMS (trans-membrane spanning) receptors signal the cell interior by affecting which of the following?
Protein Kinase A
Hypothalamic hormone TRH affects the secretion of ___
TSH
Hypothalamic hormone PIH (prolactin inhibitory hormone) affects the secretion of ___
Prolactin
Hypothalamic hormone GnRH (gonadotrophin releasing hormone) affects the secretion of ___
LH/FSH (luteinizing hormone/ follicle stimulating hormone)
Hypothalamic hormone CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) affects the secretion of ___
ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone)
A genetic mutation leading to the loss of phospholipase C activity would affect signaling by which of the following hormones?
TRH
Loss of GHRH would have which of the following effects?
Decrease in blood glucose (hypoglycemia)
TSH release is stimulated by ___
TRH
What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from (hat doesn't fit anymore)?
Over-secretion of GH, due to a pituitary tumor
The thyroid produces ___
Thyroxine and calcitonin
Thyroxine is synthesized as part of ___ and contains ___
Thyroglobulin; iodine
Which of the following is not an effect of thyroxine?
Protein synthesis
Calcitonin acts to ___
Decrease blood calcium
Pick out the tissues/organs under the regulation of PTH
- Bone
- Kidney
- Intestine
PTH hormone is released in response to ___
Hypocalcemia
Steroids are produced ___
By enzymatic conversion of cholesterol
What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from (woman looks tired and persistent tan)?
Addison's disease
Addison's disease
Na+ retention
Cortisol- physiological effect
Hyperglycemia
Estrogen- physiological effect
Sex steroid
Androgen precursor- physiological effect
Sex steroid
Which of the following is not an effect of cortisol?
Increased lipogenesis
The adrenal medulla produces ___
Catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
What is the likely problem the patient is suffering from (parent drunk and collapsed on floor)?
He was diabetic and had given himself too much insulin
Insulin's effects in target cells are to ___
Increase lipolysis
The primary physiological effect of insulin secretion is to ___
Decrease blood glucose content
Which of the following organs have both an endocrine and exocrine function?
Pancreas