The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the
a.
New York Central.
b.
Northern Pacific.
c.
Union Pacific.
d.
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe.
e.
Great Northern.
E
The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with
a.
cash grants from new taxes.
b.
land grants and loans.
c.
cash grants from higher tariffs.
d.
reduced prices for iron and steel.
e.
aid for construction of railroad stations.
B
Match each railroad company below with the correct entrepreneur.
A.
James J. Hill
1.
Central Pacific
B.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
2.
New York Central
C.
Leland Stanford
3.
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
4.
Great Northern
a.
A-4, B-2, C-1
b.
A-3, B-4, C-2
c.
A-2, B-1, C-3
d.
A-4, B-3, C-1
e.
A-1, B-3, C-4
A
The United States changed to standard time zones when
a.
Congress passed a law establishing this system.
b.
the major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.
c.
factories demanded standard time schedules.
d.
long-distance telephones required standard time coordination.
e.
All of these
B
Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?
a.
Bribing judges and state legislatures
b.
Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock
c.
Providing free railroad passes to journalists and politicians
d.
Watering railroad stocks and bonds in order to sell them at inflated prices
e.
Receiving kickbacks from powerful shippers
B
All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion except
a.
a large pool of unskilled labor.
b.
an abundance of natural resources.
c.
American ingenuity and inventiveness.
d.
immigration restrictions.
e.
a political climate favoring business.
D
The two industries that the transcontinental railroads most significantly expanded were
a.
textiles and shoemaking.
b.
mining and agriculture.
c.
banking and real estate.
d.
shipping and fishing.
e.
electricity and telecommunications.
B
The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the
a.
Federal Trade Commission.
b.
Interstate Commerce Commission.
c.
Consumer Affairs Commission.
d.
Federal Anti-Trust Commission.
e.
Federal Communications Commission.
B
The single largest source of a critical raw material that fueled early American industrialization was the
a.
copper mines of Montana and Arizona.
b.
oil wells of Oklahoma and Texas.
c.
lead mines of Wisconsin.
d.
coal mines of Kansas and Nebraska.
e.
Mesabi iron range of Minnesota.
E
Which of the following was not among the critical U.S. raw materials, delivered by railroads to factories, that fueled early American industrialization?
a.
Rubber
b.
Iron
c.
Coal
d.
Copper
e.
Oil
A
Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration
a.
combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final product, within a single company.
b.
created an industrial association through which member companies could wield much power.
c.
embraced the notion of buying up competitors and forming a monopoly interest.
d.
required smaller competitors to agree to standardized rates set by larger firms.
e.
None of these
A
The major incentive that drove captains of industry to invent machines was
a.
lucrative government grants that were offered to would-be inventors.
b.
a chance to strike it rich via technological innovation.
c.
that machines would enable them to replace expensive skilled workers with cheap unskilled workers.
d.
that machines could do the work five times faster than humans did.
e.
None of these
C
Women were drawn into industry by
a.
the promise of wages on par with those of men.
b.
inventions like the typewriter and telephone switchboard.
c.
economic downturns, which hit rural families hardest.
d.
the lure of city life.
e.
All of these
B
John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry except
a.
employing spies.
b.
extorting rebates from railroads.
c.
using federal agents to break his competitors.
d.
pursuing a policy of rule or ruin.
e.
using high-pressure sales methods.
C
Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which he is historically identified.
A.
Andrew Carnegie
1.
interlocking directorate
B.
John D. Rockefeller
2.
trust
C.
J. Pierpont Morgan
3.
vertical integration
4.
pool
a.
A-2, B-4, C-1
b.
A-3, B-2, C-4
c.
A-3, B-2, C-1
d.
A-1, B-3, C-2
e.
A-4, B-1, C-3
C
Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which he is historically identified.
A.
Andrew Carnegie
1.
steel
B.
John D. Rockefeller
2.
oil
C.
J. Pierpont Morgan
3.
tobacco
D.
James Duke
4.
banking
a.
A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
b.
A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
c.
A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
d.
A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
e.
A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
D
J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to control. This method was known as a(n)
a.
interlocking directorates
b.
trust.
c.
vertical integration.
d.
pool.
e.
holding company.
A
The first major product of the oil industry was
a.
kerosene.
b.
gasoline.
c.
lighter fluid.
d.
natural gas.
e.
heating oil.
A
The oil industry became a huge business
a.
with the building of kerosene-fueled electric generators.
b.
when the federal government granted a monopoly to Standard Oil.
c.
with the invention of the internal combustion engine.
d.
when diesel engines were perfected.
e.
when oil was discovered in Texas.
C
The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie
a.
based its theology on the teachings of Jesus.
b.
held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money.
c.
stimulated efforts to help minorities.
d.
was opposed by most late nineteenth century clergymen.
e.
asserted that the more people prayed the better off they would become.
B
Although they were commonly called "Social Darwinists," advocates of economic, national, or racial "survival of the fittest" ideas actually drew less on biologist Charles Darwin than on
a.
British laissez-faire economists like Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo.
b.
German philosophers like G.W.F. Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche.
c.
American literary figures like Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.
d.
European scientists like Gregor Mendel and Louis Pasteur.
e.
racist theorists like Arthur Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
A
To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to
a.
help freedmen to work in factories.
b.
incorporate big businesses.
c.
allow the captains of industry to avoid paying taxes.
d.
avoid corporate regulation by the states.
e.
protect the civil rights of business people.
D
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act prohibited
a.
companies from signing contracts without competitive bidding.
b.
the federal government from favoring one business corporation over another.
c.
the same corporation from doing business under different names.
d.
private corporations or organizations from engaging in "combinations in restraint of trade."
e.
competing companies from having interlocking corporate boards of directors.
D
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the power of
a.
manufacturing corporations.
b.
labor unions.
c.
state legislatures.
d.
railroad corporations.
e.
banking syndicates.
B
The largest southern-based monopolistic corporation was the one founded by James Duke to produce
a.
steel.
b.
oil.
c.
textiles.
d.
cigarettes.
e.
Coca-Cola.
D
In the textiles mills of the industrializing South, all of the following are true statements except
a.
rural black and white southerners landed plumb jobs in the new mills.
b.
entire families worked long hours in the mills.
c.
most workers were paid half the rate received by northern workers for the same tasks.
d.
payment was typically made in credit to the company store.
e.
workers were called "hillbillies" or "lintheads" by employers.
A
Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except
a.
economic swings and depressions.
b.
employers' whims.
c.
new educational requirements for jobs.
d.
sudden unemployment.
e.
illness and accident.
C
Most women workers of the 1890s worked for
a.
independence.
b.
glamour.
c.
economic necessity.
d.
retirement savings.
e.
personal spending money.
C
One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was
a.
their movement to the suburbs.
b.
the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock.
c.
the opportunity to relearn the ideals of Thomas Jefferson.
d.
the narrowing of class divisions.
e.
the encounter with other races.
B
Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor
a.
labor unions.
b.
corporations.
c.
state regulatory agencies.
d.
individual entrepreneurs.
e.
B
Match each labor organization below with the correct description.
A.
National Labor Union
1.
the "one big union" that championed producer cooperatives and industrial arbitration
B.
Knights of Labor
2.
a social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s
C.
American Federation of Labor
3.
an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions
a.
A-3, B-1, C-2
b.
A-3, B-2, C-1
c.
A-1, B-2, C-3
d.
A-1, B-3, C-2
e.
A-2, B-1, C-3
E
Which organization did Samuel Gopers find?
A.
Knights of Labor
B.
American Federation of Labor
C.
National Union Labor
D.
Sameul's Labor Union
E.
None of the above
B
The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly argued that these men
a.
had no real business ability.
b.
built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers.
c.
tried to take the United States back to an earlier age of aristocracy.
d.
were environmentally insensitive.
e.
slowed technological advances.
B
Even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism, generally concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because
a.
most employers tried to treat their workers well.
b.
few Europeans brought their political philosophies to the United States.
c.
the captains of industry did not allow protest to take root.
d.
many Americans inherited fortunes.
e.
America has greater social mobility than Europe has.
E