A series of steps that is used to find answers to questions about the world around us.
Scientific Method
How many steps are there to the scientific method?
6
The ____________________ is the starting or reference line on a map.
Equator
Provides direction
Compass
Key to unlocking secrets of maps
Legend
Unit of measurement used on maps
Scale
Flat representations of the Earth’s surface
Map
How many main minerals do we need to know?
21
Ways we observe minerals.
Color, cleavage, and hardness
Who created the Hardness Scale for minerals?
Moh
The powdered color remaining after the mineral is dragged across a white tile.
Streak
This describes the geological process that forms rocks.
Rock Cycle
Three types of rocks.
Igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary
What type of rock was once igneous or sedimentary, but has been changed due to heat and pressure?
Metamorphic Rocks
What type of rock has distinctive layering or bedding?
Sedimentary Rocks
How many types of weathering are there?
2
When water seeps into cracks in rock and then freezes, breaking the rock, is considered what type of weathering?
ice/frost wedging
This type of erosion usually occurs in dry areas with little to no vegetation.
Erosion by wind
Mechanical Weathering
Rock is broken down by oxidation, hydrolysis, or acid precipitation.
Single Column
When a stalactite and stalagmite meet in the middle and fuse together.
Chemical Weathering
Physical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces.
Slump
When a large block of soil and rock becomes unstable and moves downhill in one piece.
Glacier
A large, slow moving mass of ice.
If water does not infiltrate the ground or evaporate, it flows downhill under the influence of gravity. This is called __________.
Runoff
Ridges that are formed in a natural way that can be a few feet high or hundreds.
Levees
Earth is sometimes referred to as the __________________ planet.
Blue
The process by which a substance change from a liquid to a gas is called.
Evaporation
Rain, sleet, snow, and hail are examples of _______________.
Precipitation
This kind of glacier begins high in the mountain area and flows from the high ice fields through valleys to lower elevations.
Valley Glacier
A cliff that sticks out into the sea and is surrounded by water on three sides.
Headland
Stretch of sand extending from the mainland out to sea.
Spit
A feature of a landscape.
Landform
Landscapes can be classified into 3 regions, what are they?
Plains, plateaus, and mountains
The Earth is composed of how many layers?
4
What layer is much hotter and flowing/moving?
Mantle
What layer do we live on?
Crust
Another name for plate tectonics is…
Lithospheric
Who proposed the theory of the continental drift?
Alfred Wegener
What was the name of the supercontinent where all of the land was connected together?
Pangaea
What type of plate boundary occurs when two plates slide against each other?
Transform
A sudden movement of Earth’s crust that release energy.
Earthquake
Location on Earth’s surface directly above the focus.
Epicenter
How many wave types are there when we talk about earthquakes?
2
This is the first wave after an earthquake is detected.
Primary
What are the two scales used to measure earthquakes?
Mercalli and Richter
A series of travelling waves of extremely long wavelength and time period.
Tsunami
Three ways a tsunami forms.
Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Landslides
What is the average speed of a tsunami?
600 mph
Most common way a tsunami forms.
Earthquakes
Opening in the earth’s crust through which molten lava, ash, and gases are ejected.
Volcanoes
Three places where volcanoes form
Convergent boundaries, divergent boundaries, and hotspots
There are two types of magma, which one produces quiet eruptions.
Granitic and Basaltic
There are there types of volcanoes.
Composite, cinder cone, and shield
How many eras are there on the geological time scale?
4
This is the era we are currently living in.
Cenozoic
A record of the life forms and geological events in Earth’s history.
Geologic time scale
This era was when Pangea started to separate.
Mesozoic
Jellyfish were developed in this era.
Precambrian
How many types of fossils are there?
4
A shell or other hard part of an organism dissolves leaving an empty space or imprint of that organism.
Mold Fossil
Paths of animals that crawled on or burrowed into the seafloor.
Trace Fossil
When the space of the mold becomes filled in with minerals it will form a cast.
Cast Fossil