Assuming the existence of fossilized markers for each of the
following chemicals, what is the
sequence in which they should be
found in this sediment core, working from ancient sediments
to
recent sediments?
1. chitin coupled with protein
2.
chlorophyll
3. bone
4. cellulose
A) 2, 4, 3, 1
B)
2, 4, 1, 3
C) 4, 2, 1, 3
D) 4, 2, 3, 1
2, 4, 1, 3
According to the theory of sea-floor spreading, oceanic islands, such
as the Hawaiian Islands
depicted in Figure 23.3, form as oceanic
crustal plates move over a stationary "hot spot" in
the
mantle. Currently, the big island of Hawaii is thought to be
over a hot spot, which is why it is the
only one of the seven
islands that has active volcanoes. What should be true of the island
of
Hawaii?
1. Scientists in search of ongoing speciation
events are more likely to find them here than on the
other six
islands.
2. Its species should be more closely related to those
of nearer islands than to those of farther
islands.
3. It
should have a rich fossil record of terrestrial organisms.
4.
There is a good chance of finding endemic species on this
island.
5. On average, it should have fewer species per unit
surface area than the other six islands.
A) 1, 2, and 3
B)
1, 2, and 5
C) 1, 2, 3, and 4
D) 1, 2, 4, and 5
E) 2,
3, 4, and 5
1, 2, 4, and 5
Upon being formed, oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands,
should feature what
characteristic, leading to which
phenomenon?
A) mass extinctions, leading to bottleneck
effect
B) major evolutionary innovations, leading to rafting to
nearby continents
C) a variety of empty ecological niches,
leading to adaptive radiation
D) adaptive radiation, leading to
founder effect
E) overcrowding, leading to rafting to nearby lands
a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation
In each fly species, the entire body segment that gave rise to the
original flight wings is
missing. The mutation(s) that led to the
flightless condition could have
A) duplicated all of the Hox
genes in these flies' genomes.
B) altered the nucleotide
sequence within a Hox gene.
C) altered the expression of a Hox
gene.
D) all three of the responses are correct.
E) two of
the responses are correct.
two of the responses are correct.
If these fly species lost the ability to fly independently of each
other as a result of separate
mutation events in each lineage,
then the flightless condition in these species could be
an
example of
A) adaptive radiation.
B) species
selection.
C) sexual selection.
D) allometric
growth.
E) habitat differentiation.
species selection.
Which of these fly organs, as they exist in current fly populations,
best fits the description of
an exaptation?
A) wings
B)
balancing organs
C) mouthparts
D) thoraxes
E) walking appendages
balancing organs
Fruit fly eyes are of the compound type, which is structurally very
different from the camera-
type eyes of mammals. Even the
camera-type eyes of molluscs, such as octopi, are
structurally
quite different from those of mammals. Yet, fruit
flies, octopi, and mammals possess very similar
versions of
Pax-6. The fact that the same gene helps produce very different types
of eyes is most
likely due to
A) the few differences in
nucleotide sequence among the Pax-6 genes of these organisms.
B)
variations in the number of Pax-6 genes among these organisms.
C)
the independent evolution of this gene at many different times during
animal evolution.
D) differences in the control of Pax-6
expression among these organisms.
differences in the control of Pax-6 expression among these organisms.
Pax-6 usually causes the production of a type of light-receptor
pigment. In vertebrate eyes,
though, a different gene (the rh
gene family) is responsible for the light-receptor pigments of
the
retina. The rh gene, like Pax-6, is ancient. In the marine
ragworm, for example, the rh gene
causes production of c-opsin,
which helps regulate the worm's biological clock. Which of
these
most likely accounts for vertebrate vision?
A) The
Pax-6 gene mutated to become the rh gene among early mammals.
B)
During vertebrate evolution, the rh gene for biological clock opsin
was co-opted as a gene for
visual receptor pigments.
C) In
animals more ancient than ragworms, the rh gene(s) coded for visual
receptor pigments; in
lineages more recent than ragworms, rh has
flip-flopped several times between producing
biological clock
opsins and visual receptor pigments.
D) Pax-6 was lost from the
mammalian genome, and replaced by the rh gene much later.
During vertebrate evolution, the rh gene for biological clock opsin
was co-opted as a gene for
visual receptor pigments.
The appearance of Pax-6 in all animals with eyes can be explained in
multiple ways. Based on
the information, which explanation is
most likely?
A) Pax-6 in all of these animals is not homologous;
it arose independently in many different
animal phyla due to
intense selective pressure favoring vision.
B) The Pax-6 gene is
really not "one" gene. It is many different genes
that, over evolutionary
time and due to convergence, have come to
have a similar nucleotide sequence and function.
C) The Pax-6
gene was an innovation of an ancestral animal of the early Cambrian
period.
Animals with eyes or eyespots are descendants of this
ancestor.
D) The perfectly designed Pax-6 gene appeared
instantaneously in all animals created to have
eyes or eyespots.
The Pax-6 gene was an innovation of an ancestral animal of the early
Cambrian period.
Animals with eyes or eyespots are descendants of
this ancestor.
Which factor most likely caused animals and plants in India to differ
greatly from species in
nearby Southeast Asia?
A) The
species became separated by convergent evolution.
B) The climates
of the two regions are similar.
C) India is in the process of
separating from the rest of Asia.
D) Life in India was wiped out
by ancient volcanic eruptions.
E) India was a separate continent
until 45 million years ago.
India was a separate continent until 45 million years ago.
Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the
following five factors. Select
the exception.
A) vacant
ecological niches
B) genetic drift
C) colonization of an
isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor
species
D) evolutionary innovation
E) an adaptive radiation
in a group of organisms (such as plants) that another group uses as food
genetic drift
A researcher discovers a fossil of what appears to be one of the
oldest-known multicellular
organisms. The researcher could
estimate the age of this fossil based on
A) the amount of
carbon-14 in the fossil.
B) the amount of uranium-238 in the
fossil.
C) the amount of carbon-14 in the sedimentary rocks in
which the fossil was found.
D) the amount of uranium-238 in
volcanic layers surrounding the fossil.
E) the amount of
uranium-238 in the sedimentary rocks in which the fossil was found.
the amount of uranium-238 in volcanic layers surrounding the fossil.
A genetic change that caused a certain Hox gene to be expressed along
the tip of a vertebrate
limb bud instead of farther back helped
make possible the evolution of the tetrapod limb. This
type of
change is illustrative of
A) the influence of environment on
development.
B) paedomorphosis.
C) a change in a
developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial
organization of
body parts.
D) heterochrony.
E) gene duplication.
a change in a developmental gene or in its regulation that altered the spatial organization of body parts.
A swim bladder is a gas-filled sac that helps fish maintain buoyancy.
The evolution of the
swim bladder from the air-breathing organ (a
simple lung) of an ancestral fish is an example of
A) an
evolutionary trend.
B) exaptation.
C) changes in Hox gene
expression.
D) paedomorphosis.
E) adaptive radiation.
exaptation.