Medical Model
Abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illnesses that, like physical illnesses, have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms, and possible cures.
Percentage of Americans with some type of mental disorder
This number varies by age group, with the highest prevalence of mental illness (33.7%) among young adults (18–25). This is followed by adults aged 26–49 (28.1%) and those 50 and older (15.0%). Women are also more likely to have mental illness than men, with 27.2% of women experiencing AMI compared to 18.1% of men.
Most recent DSM – DSM 5
Describes 22 major categories containing more than 200 different mental disorders
Comorbidity
Co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
No Single Cause for Psychological Disorder
A number of factors can contribute to risk for mental illness, such as: Your genes and family history. Your life experiences, such as stress or a history of abuse, especially if they happen in childhood.
Diathesis-Stress-Model
Suggests that that a person may be predisposed
Diathesis
biological predisposition
Anxiety Disorders
class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
Phobia Disorder
disorders characterized by persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations that are not likely to be dangerous.
Social Phobia
Disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
Specific Phobia
Disorder that involves an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual’s ability to function: for example, animals, natural environment, situations, blood injections and injury.
Agoraphobia
Specific phobia involving a fear of public places
Claustrophobia
fear of enclosed or narrow spaces
Panic Disorder
Disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror; panic attacks
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual’s functioning
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind.
Mood Disorder
Mental disorders that have mood disturbances as their predominant feature
Major Depressive Disorder
Disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood that lasts 2 weeks or more and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbances
Bipolar Disorder
Unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
Depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
Postpartum Depression
a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth
Helplessness Theory
the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal , stable, and global
Schizophrenia
Disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes, a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior; occurs in about 1% of the population; rarely develops before adolescence
Delusions
Obviously false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus
Grossly Disorganized Behavior
Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
Catatonic
Marked decrease in all movement (stupor) or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
Conduct Disorder
Persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violations.
Personality Disorder
Disorder characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
Odd/Eccentric
Cluster A consists of paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
Anxious/Inhibited
Cluster C, the anxious or fearful types, are the avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
Dramatic/Erratic
Cluster B, the dramatic, emotional, or erratic types, are antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders.
Suicide
Refers to intentional self-inflicted death
10th Leading Cause of Death
Suicide
2nd Leading Cause of Death for High School and College Students
Suicide
Biological Factors in Mental Health Disorders
closer a person's genetic relatedness to a person with schizophrenia , the greater the likelihood of developing a disorder
Psychological Factors in Mental Health Disorders
- Childhood traumaEmotional, physical, or sexual abuse, neglect, or an important early loss, such as the loss of a parent
- StressOngoing stress, such as from work or financial problems, or traumatic life events, such as living in a war zone
- Personality factorsLow self-esteem or perfectionism, which can increase the risk of anxiety or depression
- Social isolationLoneliness or social disadvantage
Social/Environmental Factors in Mental Health Disorders
family environmental plays an role in the development of an recovery of the problem