Trees are rare in the savanna biome because of
A) insufficient annual precipitation.
B) acidic soils.
C) extreme winter temperatures.
D) large variations in seasonal rainfall.
E) permafrost.
C
Which of the following statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution?
A) Average annual temperature and precipitation are sufficient to predict which biome will be found in an area.
B) Seasonal fluctuation of temperature is not a limiting factor in biome distribution if areas have the same annual temperature and precipitation means.
C) Not only is the average climate important in determining biome distribution, but so is the pattern of climatic variation.
D) Temperate forests and grasslands are different biomes because they receive a different quality and quantity of sunlight, even though they have essentially the same annual temperature and precipitation.
E) Correlation of climate with biome distribution is sufficient to determine the cause of biome patterns.
C
3) In the ecological development of terrestrial biomes, which factor is most dependent on all the others?
A) the species of colonizing animals
B) prevailing temperature
C) prevailing rainfall
D) mineral nutrient availability
E) soil structure
A
The growing season would generally be shortest in which of the following biomes?
A) savanna
B) temperate broadleaf forest
C) temperate grassland
D) tropical rain forest
E) northern coniferous forest
E
Trees are not usually found in the tundra biome because of
A) insufficient annual precipitation.
B) acidic soils.
C) extreme winter temperatures.
D) overbrowsing by musk ox and caribou.
E) permafrost.
E
6) Which of the following levels of ecological organization is arranged in the correct sequence from most to least inclusive?
A) community, ecosystem, individual, population
B) ecosystem, community, population, individual
C) population, ecosystem, individual, community
D) individual, population, community, ecosystem
E) individual, community, population, ecosystem
B
Which of the following choices includes all of the others in creating global terrestrial climates?
A) differential heating of Earth's surface
B) ocean currents
C) global wind patterns
D) evaporation of water from ocean surfaces
E) Earth's rotation on its axis
A
Why is the climate drier on the leeward side of mountain ranges that are subjected to prevailing winds?
A) Deserts create dry conditions on the leeward side of mountain ranges.
B) The sun illuminates the leeward side of mountain ranges at a more direct angle, converting to heat energy, which evaporates most of the water present.
C) Pushed by the prevailing winds on the windward side, air is forced to rise, cool, condense, and drop its precipitation, leaving drier air to descend the leeward side.
D) Air masses pushed by the prevailing winds are stopped by mountain ranges and the moisture is used up in the stagnant air masses on the leeward side.
E) More organisms live on the sheltered, leeward side of mountain ranges where their utilization of water lowers the amount available when compared to the windward side.
C
What would be the effect on climate in the temperate latitudes if
Earth were to slow its rate of
rotation from a 24-hour period of
rotation to a 48-hour period of rotation?
A) Seasons would be
longer and more distinct (colder winters and warmer summers).
B)
There often would be a smaller range between daytime high and
nighttime low temperatures.
C) Large-scale weather events such as
tornadoes and hurricanes would no longer be a part of
regional
climates.
D) Winter seasons in both the northern and southern
hemispheres would have more abundant and
frequent precipitation
events.
E) There often would be a larger range between daytime
high and nighttime low temperatures.
E
Palm trees and subtropical plants are commonplace in Land's
End, England, whose latitude is
the equivalent of Labrador in
coastal Canada, where the local flora is subarctic. Which
statement
best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between
North America and Europe?
A) Labrador does not get enough
rainfall to support the subtropical flora found in Land's
End.
B) Regions such as Labrador are actually colder than England
because colder arctic air is pulled
down to eastern North America
and not to England.
C) Rainfall fluctuates greatly in England;
rainfall is consistently high in Labrador.
D) Labrador is too
windy to support tall plants, such as palm trees.
E) Labrador
receives sunlight of lower duration and intensity than does
Land's End.
B
In mountainous areas of western North America, north-facing slopes
would be expected to
A) receive more sunlight than similar
southern exposures.
B) be warmer and drier than comparable
southern-exposed slopes.
C) consistently be steeper than southern
exposures.
D) support biological communities similar to those
found at lower elevations on similar south-
facing
slopes.
E) support biological communities similar to those found
at higher elevations on similar south-
facing slopes.
E
Deserts typically occur in a band around 30 degrees north and south
latitude because
A) descending air masses originating from the
tropics tend to be dry.
B) trade winds have little
moisture.
C) moisture-laden air is heavier than dry air and is
not carried to these latitudes.
D) ascending air from these
regions tends to be moist, removing available water and creating
a
desert.
E) these locations get the most intense solar
radiation of any location on Earth.
A
Which of the following events might you predict to occur if the tilt
of Earth's axis relative to
its plane of orbit was increased to
33 1/2 degrees?
A) Summers and winters in the United States would
likely become warmer and colder,
respectively.
B) Winters
and summers in Australia would likely become less distinct
seasons.
C) Seasonal variation at the equator might
decrease.
D) Both northern and southern hemispheres would
experience summer and winter at the same
time.
E) Both poles
would experience massive ice melts.
A
Imagine some cosmic catastrophe jolts Earth so that its axis is
perpendicular to the orbital
plane between Earth and the sun. The
most obvious effect of this change would be
A) the elimination of
tides.
B) an increase in the length of night.
C) an increase
in the length of a year.
D) a decrease in temperature at the
equator.
E) the elimination of seasonal variation.
E
The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is
that
A) there is more ice at the poles.
B) sunlight strikes
the poles at a lower angle.
C) the poles are farther from the
sun.
D) the polar atmosphere is thinner and contains fewer
greenhouse gases.
E) the poles are permanently tilted away from
the sun.
B
Which of the following environmental features might influence
microclimates?
A) forest canopy
B) freshly plowed
field
C) log on the forest floor
D) large boulder
E)
All of the options are correct.
E
Generalized global air circulation and precipitation patterns are
caused by
A) rising, warm, moist air masses that cool and release
precipitation as they rise and then, at high
altitude, cool and
sink back to the surface as dry air masses after moving north or south
of the
tropics.
B) air masses that are dried and heated over
continental areas that rise, cool aloft, and descend
over oceanic
areas followed by a return flow of moist air from ocean to land,
delivering high
amounts of precipitation to coastal
areas.
C) polar, cool, moist high-pressure air masses from the
poles that move along the surface,
releasing precipitation along
the way to the equator where they are heated and dried.
D) the
revolution of Earth around the sun.
E) mountain ranges that
deflect air masses containing variable amounts of moisture.
A
Air masses formed over the Pacific Ocean are moved by prevailing
westerlies where they
encounter extensive north-south mountain
ranges, such as the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades.
Which
statement best describes the outcome of this encounter between a
landform and an air
mass?
A) The cool, moist Pacific air
heats up as it rises, releasing its precipitation as it passes the
tops
of the mountains, and this warm, now dry air cools as it
descends on the leeward side of the
range.
B) The warm,
moist Pacific air rises and cools, releasing precipitation as it moves
up the
windward side of the range, and this cool, now dry air
mass heats up as it descends on the
leeward side of the
range.
C) The cool, dry Pacific air heats up and picks up
moisture from evaporation of the snowcapped
peaks of the mountain
range, releasing this moisture as precipitation when the air cools
while
descending on the leeward side of the range.
D) These
air masses are blocked by the mountain ranges, producing high annual
amounts of
precipitation on the windward sides of these mountain
ranges.
E) These air masses remain essentially unchanged in
moisture content and temperature as they
pass over these mountain ranges.
B
Coral reefs can be found on the southeast coast of the United States
but not at similar
latitudes on the southwest coast. Differences
in which of the following most likely account for
this?
A)
sunlight intensity
B) precipitation
C) day length
D)
ocean currents
E) salinity
D
What is the limiting factor for the growth of trees in the
tundra?
A) low precipitation
B) lack of sunlight
C)
insufficient minerals in bedrock
D) pH of soils
E) permafrost
E
In which of the following terrestrial biome pairs are both dependent
upon periodic burning?
A) tundra and coniferous forest
B)
chaparral and savanna
C) desert and savanna
D) tropical
forest and temperate broadleaf forest
E) grassland and tundra
B
Fire suppression by humans
A) will always result in an increase
in species diversity in a given biome.
B) can change the species
composition within biological communities.
C) will result
ultimately in sustainable production of increased amounts of forest
products for
human use.
D) is necessary for the protection
of threatened and endangered forest species.
E) is a management
goal of conservation biologists to maintain the healthy condition of forest
communities.
B
Which of the following statements best describes the interaction
between fire and
ecosystems?
A) The likelihood of a wildfire
occurring in a given ecosystem is highly predictable over
the
short term.
B) Many kinds of plants and plant
communities have adapted to frequent fires.
C) The suppression of
forest fires by man has prevented certain communities, such as
grasslands,
from reaching their climax stage.
D) Chaparral
communities have evolved to the extent that they rarely burn.
E)
Fire is unnatural in ecosystems and should be prevented.
B
Imagine that a deep temperate zone lake did not "turn over"
during the spring and fall
seasons. Based on the physical and
biological properties of limnetic ecosystems, what would be
the
difference from normal seasonal turnover?
A) The lake would be
uniformly cold during the winter and summer.
B) The lake would
fail to freeze over in winter.
C) An algal bloom would result
every spring.
D) The lake would suffer a nutrient depletion in
its surface layers.
E) The pH of the lake would become
increasingly alkaline.
D
Which marine zone has the lowest rates of primary productivity
(photosynthesis)?
A) pelagic
B) abyssal
C)
neritic
D) continental shelf
E) intertidal
B
If a meteor impact or volcanic eruption injected a lot of dust into
the atmosphere and reduced
the sunlight reaching Earth's
surface by 70% for one year, which of the following
marine
communities most likely would be least affected?
A)
deep-sea vent
B) coral reef
C) intertidal
D)
pelagic
E) estuary
A
Which statement describes how climate might change if Earth was 75%
land and 25% water?
A) Terrestrial ecosystems would likely
experience more precipitation.
B) Earth's daytime
temperatures would be higher and nighttime temperatures lower.
C)
Summers would be longer and winters shorter at midlatitude
locations.
D) Earth would experience an unprecedented global
warming.
E) More terrestrial microclimates would be created
because of daily fluctuations in climate.
B
Which of the following examples of an ecological effect leading to an
evolutionary effect is
most correct?
A) When seeds are not
plentiful, trees produce more seeds.
B) A few organisms of a
larger population survive a drought and then these survivors emigrate
to
less arid environments.
C) A few individuals with denser
fur survive the coldest days of an ice age, and the
reproducing
survivors of the ice age all have dense fur.
D)
Fish that swim the fastest in running water catch the most prey and
more easily escape
predation.
E) The insects that spend the
most time exposed to sunlight have the most mutations.
C
Which of the following are important biotic factors that can affect
the structure and
organization of biological communities?
A)
precipitation, wind
B) nutrient availability, soil pH
C)
predation, competition
D) temperature, water
E) light
intensity, seasonality
C
A certain species of pine tree survives only in scattered locations
at elevations above 2,800 m
in the western United States. To
understand why this tree grows only in these specific places,
an
ecologist should
A) conclude that lower elevations are
limiting to the survival of this species.
B) study the anatomy
and physiology of this species.
C) investigate the various biotic
and abiotic factors that are unique to high altitude.
D) analyze
the soils found in the vicinity of these trees, looking for unique
chemicals that may
support their growth.
E) collect data on
temperature, wind, and precipitation at several of these locations for
a year.
C
Studying species transplants is a way that ecologists
A)
determine the abundance of a species in a specified area.
B)
determine the distribution of a species in a specified area.
C)
develop mathematical models for distribution and abundance of
organisms.
D) determine if dispersal is a key factor in limiting
distribution of organisms.
E) consolidate a landscape region into
a single ecosystem.
D
A population is correctly defined as having which of the following
characteristics?
I. inhabiting the same general area
II.
belonging to the same species
III. possessing a constant and
uniform density and dispersion
A) I only
B) III only
C)
I and II only
D) II and III only
E) I, II, and III
C
An ecologist recorded 12 white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus,
per square mile in one
woodlot and 20 per square mile in another
woodlot. What was the ecologist comparing?
A) density
B)
dispersion
C) carrying capacity
D) cohorts
E) range
A
Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most
often associated with
A) chance.
B) patterns of high
humidity.
C) the random distribution of seeds.
D)
competitive interaction between individuals of the same
population.
E) the concentration of nutrients within the
population's range.
D
Which of the following groups would be most likely to exhibit uniform
dispersion?
A) red squirrels, who actively defend
territories
B) cattails, which grow primarily at edges of lakes
and streams
C) dwarf mistletoes, which parasitize particular
species of forest trees
D) moths, in a city at night
E) lake
trout, which seek out cold, deep water high in dissolved oxygen
A
To construct a reproductive table for a sexual species, one needs
to
A) assess sperm viability for the males in the
population.
B) keep track of all of the offspring of a
cohort.
C) keep track of the females in a cohort.
D) keep
track of all of the offspring of the females in a cohort.
E)
analyze the ratio of deaths to births in a cohort.
C
Which of the following examples would most accurately measure the
density of the
population being studied?
A) counting the
number of prairie dog burrows per hectare
B) counting the number
of times a 1-kilometer transect is intersected by tracks of red
squirrels
after a snowfall
C) counting the number of coyote
droppings per hectare
D) counting the number of moss plants in
1-m2 quadrats
E) counting the number of zebras from airplane
census observations.
D
Long-term studies of Belding's ground squirrels show that
immigrants move nearly 2 km
from where they are born and become
1-8% of the males and 0.7-6% of the females in other
populations.
On an evolutionary scale, why is this significant?
A) These
immigrants make up for the deaths of individuals, keeping the other
populations' size
stable.
B) Young reproductive
males tend to stay in their home population and are not driven out
by
other territorial males.
C) These immigrants provide a
source of genetic diversity for the other populations.
D) Those
individuals that emigrate to these new populations are looking for
less crowded
conditions with more resources.
E) Gradually,
the populations of ground squirrels will move from a clumped to a
uniform
population pattern of dispersion.
C
Which of the following sets of measurements would best describe a
population’s physical
structure and vital statistics?
A)
density, dispersion, and demographics
B) gene frequency over time
and the ratio of reproductive to nonreproductive individuals
C)
annual precipitation averages and mean annual temperatures
D)
minimum and maximum amounts of precipitation and annual temperature
extremes
E) ratio of predators and the number of immigrants and emigrants
A
Which of the following scenarios would provide the most legitimate
data on population
density?
A) Count the number of nests of
a particular species of songbird and multiply this by a factor
that
extrapolates these data to actual animals.
B) Count the
number of pine trees in several randomly selected 10-m by 10-m plots
and
extrapolate this number to the fraction of the study area
these plots represent.
C) Use the mark-and-recapture method to
estimate the size of the population.
D) Calculate the difference
between all of the immigrants and emigrants to see if the
population
is growing or shrinking.
E) Add the number of
births and subtract the individuals that die to see if the
population's density
is increasing or decreasing.
B
Which of the following is the best natural example of uniform
distribution?
A) bees collecting pollen in a wildflower
meadow
B) snails in an intertidal zone at low tide
C)
territorial songbirds in a mature forest during mating season
D)
mushrooms growing on the floor of an old-growth forest
E) a
cultivated cornfield in the Midwest
C
Which of the following choices would most likely promote random
distribution?
A) territorial species
B) species that secrete
chemicals to attract or inhibit other individuals
C) flocking and
schooling behaviors
D) spacing during the breeding season
E)
homogeneous chemical and physical factors in the environment
E
Which of the following best defines a cohort?
A) a group of
individuals that inhabits a small isolated region within the range for
the species
B) all of the individuals that are annually added to
a population by birth and immigration
C) the reproductive males
and females within the population
D) a group of the individuals
from the same age group, from birth until they are all dead
E)
the number of individuals that annually die or emigrate out of a population
D
Why do some invertebrates, such as lobsters, show a
"stair-step" survivorship curve?
A) Many invertebrates
mate and produce offspring on multiyear cycles.
B) Within a
species of invertebrates, younger individuals have a higher
survivorship than older
individuals.
C) Many invertebrates
molt in order to grow, and they are vulnerable to predation during
their
"soft shell" stage.
D) Many
invertebrate species have population cycles that go up and down
according to the
frequency of sunspots.
E) The number of
fertilized eggs that mature to become females in many species of
invertebrates
is based on ambient temperature.
C
A population of ground squirrels has an annual per capita birth rate
of 0.06 and an annual per
capita death rate of 0.02. Calculate an
estimate of the number of individuals added to (or lost
from) a
population of 1,000 individuals in one year.
A) 120 individuals
added
B) 40 individuals added
C) 20 individuals
added
D) 400 individuals added
E) 20 individuals lost
B
46) Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt
=
A) .
B) rmax N.
C) rN (K + N).
D) rN .
E)
rN .
B
Starting from a single individual, what is the size of a population
of bacteria that reproduce
by binary fission every 20 minutes at
the end of a 2-hour time period? (Assume unlimited
resources and
no mortality.)
A) 8
B) 16
C) 32
D) 64
E) 128
D
Which of the following is the equation for zero population growth
(ZPG)?
A) b = m or r = 0
B) dN/dt = rN
C) dN/dt = rmax
N (K - N)/K
D) dN/dt = rmax N
E) dN/dt = 1.0N
A
In July 2008, the United States had a population of approximately
302,000,000 people. How
many Americans were there in July 2009,
if the estimated 2008 growth rate was 0.88%?
A) 2,700,000
B)
5,500,000
C) 303,000,000
D) 304,700,000
E) 2,710,800,000
D
In 2008, the population of New Zealand was approximately 4,275,000
people. If the birth
rate was 14 births for every 1,000 people,
approximately how many births occurred in New
Zealand in
2008?
A) 6,000
B) 42,275
C) 60,000
D)
140,000
E) 600,000
C
51) Consider two forests: one is an undisturbed old-growth forest,
whereas the other has recently
been logged. In which forest are
species likely to experience exponential growth, and why?
A) Old
growth, because the stable conditions would favor exponential growth
of all species in
the forest.
B) Old growth, because each of
the species is well established and can produce many
offspring.
C) Logged, because the disturbed forest affords more
resources for increased specific
populations to grow.
D)
Logged, because the various populations are stimulated to a higher
reproductive potential.
E) Exponential growth is equally probable
in old-growth and logged forests.
C
Logistic growth of a population is represented by dN/dt =
A)
.
B) rmax N.
C) rmax N (K + N).
D) rmax N .
E)
rmax N .
D
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is
predicted by the
logistic equation?
A) The growth rate will
not change.
B) The growth rate will approach zero.
C) The
population will show an Allee effect.
D) The population will
increase exponentially.
E) The carrying capacity of the
environment will increase.
B
In models of logistic population growth,
A) the population
growth rate slows dramatically as N approaches K.
B) new
individuals are added to the population most rapidly at the beginning
of the population's
growth.
C) new individuals are
added to the population as N approaches K.
D) only
density-dependent factors affect the rate of population
growth.
E) carrying capacity is never reached.
A
Carrying capacity is
A) seldom reached by marine producers and
consumers because of the vast resources of the
ocean.
B) the
maximum population size that a particular environment can
support.
C) fixed for most species over most of their range most
of the time.
D) determined by density and dispersion
data.
E) the term used to describe the stress a population
undergoes due to limited resources.
B
Which of the following causes populations to shift most quickly from
an exponential to a
logistic population growth?
A) increased
birth rate
B) removal of predators
C) decreased death
rate
D) competition for resources
E) favorable climatic conditions
D
Often the growth cycle of one population has an effect on the cycle
of another. As moose
populations increase, for example, wolf
populations also increase. Thus, if we are considering
the
logistic equation for the wolf population,
dN/dt = rN
,
which of the factors accounts for the effect of the moose
population?
A) r
B) N
C) rN
D) K
E) dt
D
Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between
A)
choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime
and how long to live.
B) producing large numbers of gametes when
employing internal fertilization versus fewer
numbers of gametes
when employing external fertilization.
C) the emigration of
individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or
committing
suicide.
D) increasing the number of individuals
produced during each reproductive episode with a
corresponding
decrease in parental care.
E) high survival rates of offspring
and the cost of parental care.
E
The three basic variables that make up the life history of an
organism are
A) life expectancy, birth rate, and death
rate.
B) number of reproductive females in the population, age
structure of the population, and life
expectancy.
C) age
when reproduction begins, how often reproduction occurs, and how many
offspring are
produced per reproductive episode.
D) how
often reproduction occurs, life expectancy of females in the
population, and number of
offspring per reproductive
episode.
E) the number of reproductive females in the population,
how often reproduction occurs, and
death rate.
C
Which of the following pairs of reproductive strategies is consistent
with energetic trade-off
and reproductive success?
A)
Pioneer species of plants produce many very small, highly airborne
seeds, whereas large
elephants that are very good parents produce
many offspring.
B) Female rabbits that suffer high predation
rates may produce several litters per breeding
season, and
coconuts produce few fruits, but most survive when they encounter
proper growing
conditions.
C) Species that have to broadcast
to distant habitats tend to produce seeds with heavy
protective
seed coats, and animals that are caring parents
produce fewer offspring with lower infant
mortality.
D)
Free-living insects lay thousands of eggs and provide no parental
care, whereas flowers take
good care of their seeds until they
are ready to germinate.
E) Some mammals will not reproduce when
environmental resources are low so they can survive
until
conditions get better, and plants that produce many small seeds are
likely found in stable
environments.
B
Pacific salmon and annual plants are excellent examples of
A)
cohort disintegration.
B) dispersion.
C) the Allee
effect.
D) iteroparous reproduction.
E) semelparous reproduction.
E
Which of the following is characteristic of K-selected
populations?
A) offspring with good chances of survival
B)
many offspring per reproductive episode
C) small
offspring
D) a high intrinsic rate of increase
E) early
parental reproduction
A
Which variables define the ecological life history of a
species?
A) the age at which reproduction begins, frequency of
reproduction, and the number of offspring
for each reproductive
episode
B) the ratio of females to males, the length of the
breeding season, and the number of offspring
for each
reproductive episode
C) the number of offspring produced over a
lifetime by a breeding pair and the survivability of
the
offspring
D) timing breeding sessions with optimal environmental
conditions and the number of offspring
produced during each
breeding session
E) the amount of parental care given after
birth, the number of reproductive episodes per year,
and the
number of years females are capable of producing viable offspring
A
Which pattern of reproduction is correctly paired with a
species?
A) iteroparity—Pacific salmon
B)
iteroparity—elephant
C) semelparity—oak tree
D)
semelparity—rabbit
E) semelparity—polar bear
B
In which of the following situations would you expect to find the
largest number of K-
selected individuals?
A) a recently
abandoned agricultural field in Ohio
B) a shifting sand dune
community of south Lake Michigan
C) an old-growth forest
D)
South Florida after a hurricane
E) a newly emergent volcanic island
C
Which of the following is most likely to contribute to
density-dependent regulation of
populations?
A) the removal
of toxic waste by decomposers
B) intraspecific competition for
nutrients
C) earthquakes
D) floods
E) fires
B
Why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying
capacity?
A) Density-dependent factors lead to fewer births and
increased mortality.
B) Density-independent factors lead to fewer
births and increased mortality.
C) Hormonal changes promote
higher death rates in crowded populations.
D) Individuals
voluntarily stop mating so that overcrowding does not occur.
E)
The incoming energy decreases in populations experiencing a high rate
of increase.
A
Which of the following could be a density-independent factor limiting
human population
growth?
A) social pressure for birth
control
B) earthquakes
C) plagues
D) famines
E) pollution
B
Which climograph shows the climate for location 1?
A) A
B)
C
C) E
D) G
E) H
A
Which climograph shows the climate for location 2?
A) B
B)
C
C) D
D) F
E) H
D
Which climograph shows the climate for location 3?
A) B
B)
C
C) D
D) E
E) F
C
Which climograph shows the climate for location 4?
A) A
B)
B
C) C
D) E
E) G
D
Which climograph shows the climate for location 5?
A) A
B)
C
C) D
D) E
E) H
B
Which of the following best substantiates why location 3 is an
equatorial (tropical) climate?
A) It has a monsoon season during
the winter months.
B) It has consistent monthly averages for
rainfall.
C) The temperature is high for each monthly
average.
D) The temperatures reach 100°F during some
months.
E) The temperatures are lower in June, July, and August.
C
Which zone has a condition of constant temperature?
A) A
B)
B
C) C
D) D
E) E
C
Which zone produces the most global oxygen?
A) A
B)
B
C) C
D) D
E) E
B
Which zone has the lowest biomass per unit of area?
A) A
B)
B
C) C
D) D
E) E
D
10) Which curve best describes survivorship in marine
molluscs?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
E
Which curve best describes survivorship in elephants?
A)
A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
A
Which curve best describes survivorship in a marine crustacean that
molts?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
D
Which curve best describes survivorship in humans who live in
developed nations?
A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E
A
Which statement best explains survivorship curve B?
A) It is
likely a species that provides little postnatal care, but lots of care
for offspring during
midlife, as indicated by increased
survivorship.
B) This curve is likely of a species that produces
lots of offspring, only a few of which are
expected to
survive.
C) It is likely a species where no individuals in the
cohort die when they are at 60-70% relative
age.
D) There
was a mass emigration of young to middle-aged individuals in this
cohort.
E) Survivorship can only decrease; therefore, this curve
could not happen in nature.
E
Which of the following graphs illustrates the population growth curve
of single bacterium
growing in a flask of ideal medium at optimum
temperature over a 24-hour period?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
C
Which of the following graphs illustrates the growth curve of a small
population of rodents
that has grown to reach a static carrying capacity?
A)
B)
C)
D)
32
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
E)
E
Which of the following graphs illustrates the growth over several
seasons of a population of
snowshoe hares that were introduced to
an appropriate habitat also inhabited by predators in
northern Canada?
A)
B)
C)
D)
34
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
E)
D
In areas of permafrost, stands of black spruce are frequently
observed in the landscape, whereas
other tree species are
noticeably absent. Often these stands are referred to as
"drunken forests"
because many of the black
spruce are displaced from their normal vertical alignment.
1)
What might be the adaptive significance of these unusual forests
growing the way they do in
this marginal habitat?
A) Needles
are adapted to withstand cold arctic temperatures.
B) Branches
are adapted to absorb more CO2 with this displaced alignment.
C)
Taproot formation is impossible, so trees developed shallow root beds
and easily tilt.
D) Trees are tilted so that snow won’t break
them or tip them over.
E) Trees tip so that they do not compete
with each other for sunlight.
C
Imagine that you are managing a large game ranch. You know from
historical accounts that a
species of deer used to live there,
but they have been extirpated. You decide to reintroduce
them.
After doing some research to determine what might be an
appropriately sized founding
population, you do so. You then
watch the population increase for several generations, and
graph
the number of individuals (vertical axis) against the
number of generations (horizontal axis). The
graph will likely
appear as
A) a diagonal line, getting higher with each
generation.
B) an "S," increasing with each
generation.
C) an upside-down "U."
D) a
"J," increasing with each generation.
E) an
"S" that ends with a vertical line.
D
Which of the following biomes is correctly paired with the
description of its climate?
A) savanna–low temperature,
precipitation uniform during the year
B) tundra–long summers,
mild winters
C) temperate broadleaf forest–relatively short
growing season, mild winters
D) temperate grasslands–relatively
warm winters, most rainfall in summer
E) tropical forests–nearly
constant day length and temperature
E
A population's carrying capacity
A) may change as
environmental conditions change.
B) can be accurately calculated
using the logistic growth model.
C) generally remains constant
over time.
D) increases as the per capita growth rate (r)
decreases.
E) can never be exceeded.
A
When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological
communities that are
analogous to the changes
A) in biomes
at different latitudes.
B) in different depths in the
ocean.
C) in a community through different seasons.
D) in an
ecosystem as it evolves over time.
E) across the United States
from east to west.
A
According to the logistic growth equation
= r max N
A) the
number of individuals added per unit time is greatest when N is close
to zero.
B) the per capita growth rate (r) increases as N
approaches K.
C) population growth is zero when N equals
K.
D) the population grows exponentially when K is small.
E)
the birth rate (b) approaches zero as N approaches K.
C
If the direction of Earth's rotation reversed, the most
predictable effect would be
A) no more night and day.
B) a
big change in the length of the year.
C) winds blowing from west
to east along the equator.
D) a loss of seasonal variation at
high latitudes.
E) the elimination of ocean currents.
C