Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
terpenoids – bitter taste, accelerated heart rate, pain (I THINK THIS IS THE RIGHT ANSWER THO)
phenolics – antioxidants in red wine and fruits such as strawberries, cranberries and blueberries
alkaloids – morphine, atropine, capsaicin, batrachotoxins
carotenoids – intense colors in goldfish, flamingoes
polyketides – antibiotics, toxins in salamanders, pufferfish and cone snails
A
Bilateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with:
a.the ability to sense equally in all directions
b. the presence of a skeleton
c. motility and active predation and escape
d. development of a true coelom
e. adaptation to terrestrial environments
C
Bilateral symmetry in the animal kingdom is best correlated with:
the ability to sense equally in all directions
the presence of a skeleton
development of a true coelom
adaptation to terrestrial environments
C
Heliotropism in alpine plants such as snow buttercups and lupine is important because:
it helps maintain ideal temperature and humidity for the plant which in turn favors pollen development (i think this is the right answer)
it prevents the plant from overexposure to the UV radiation that is more abundant at higher elevations
it protects the plant from attack by microbes, fungi and herbivores.
it helps the plant withstand the excess wind forces present at higher elevations.
A
All of these may help explain the Cambrian Explosion except?
mammalian dominance
Hox genes
increased ozone
coevolution of predator and prey
increased oxygen
A
Which of the following is/are characteristic of most animals?
- They have 1 or more Hox genes
- They are heterotrophic
- They have an extracellular matrix of proteins such as collagen
4.They routinely utilize both sexual and asexual reproduction
1 and 2 are correct
1, 2 and 3 are correct.
3 and 4 are correct.
1,2, 3 and 4 are correct.
1, 3 and 4 are correct.
B
You are observing the embryonic development of a new species in your laboratory. This species has indeterminate development. You note a mutation in which one of the blastomeres mutates and loses its function. What do you hypothesize would happen to this being?
Nothing—the remaining blastomeres would accomodate the formation of the necessary structures of the embryo.
The embryo would certainly lack some features as a result of the lost blastomere.
Uncertain future for the embryo—depending on which blastomere was lost, the remaining blastomeres might accomodate the formation of the necessary structures of the embryo.
Immediate embryo death—the remaining blastomeres could not accomodate the formation of the necessary structures of the embryo.
A
The seeds of the ________________ plant put this organism at the top of the most poisonous plants because they contain the toxin, ricin, which inhibits protein synthesis in cells. Oil from the seeds can be used as a lubricant and as a laxative.
Chinese wormwood
foxglove
castor bean
chrysanthemum
poppy
C
Protostome development includes all of the following except:
cell fate is fixed early and can develop in only one way
coelom develops as an outpocketing of the primitive gut
mouth develops at or near the blastopore
spiral cleavage
embryo fails to develop if a cell is removed
B
What type of plant would be least affected by the loss of the guard cell function that closes stomata?
A sensitive plant
A rainforest plant
A desert plant
A plant from the plains of the American midwest.
A carnivorous plant
B
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
The National Cancer Institute found that marine samples provided the highest potential for anticancer drug discovery.
Beginning in the 1970's funding to expand marine natural products research and pharmaceutical development has been easy to obtain.
In marine bioactive products, halogens, like chlorine, bromine and iodine, play a significant role in complex molecules as substituents and reactants.
Prior to the mid to late 1960's the oceans were rarely considered as a likely source for natural medicines.
The discovery and development of marine pharmaceuticals has required the close collaboration between academic researchers and industrial scientists.
B
Which of the following is/are an effect(s) of auxin?
Auxin production by seed promotes growth of fruit.
Auxin promotes positive phototropism by migrating to the shady side of the plant stem where it promotes cell elongation.
All of the others are effects of auxin.
Tree sprayed with auxin will keep mature fruit from falling to the ground.
Applied to a woody cutting, it causes roots to develop.
C
Sponges are an important source of bioactive metabolites that may only prove useful in fighting cancer.
True
False
B
Assuming the plant survives, predict what would occur if you removed the shoot apical meristem of a plant embryo.
The root apical meristem would take over the function of the shoot apical meristem.
Growth would only occur at in the roots.
The plant would grow two or more new shoot apical meristems.
The plant would mature, but only through vertical growth--no branches would form.
B
The main effect of burning peat, wood, coal, and petroleum on the Earth's climate is:
The rising heat from fires produces wind that cools the surface of the Earth
The fires use up oxygen that would otherwise block penetration of ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth; the increased ultraviolet radiation heats the Earth
The fires release back into the atmosphere carbon dioxide that was once taken from the atmosphere by plants and stored in their own tissues; the increased carbon dioxide holds in solar heat and causes a rise in temperature
The fires significantly heat the air and cause a rise in global temperature.
The smoke blocks sunlight from reaching the Earth causing a significant lowering of Earth’s temperature
C
As a group, acoelomates are characterized by:
a coelom that is not completely lined by mesoderm,
a solid body without a cavity surrounding internal organs
deuterostome development
the absence of a brain
the absence of mesoderm
B
While conducting a plant diversity survey in a temperate rainforest in Washington state, you come across a number of individuals of a low-lying plant species. Back at the lab, tests indicate that the majority of the plant material is haploid. The plant you discovered is likely most closely related to
glittering wood moss
choanoflagellates
lycophytes
conifers
daisies
A
Which of the following does NOT represent a likely function of a secondary metabolite?
producing a bad taste to prevent an animal from eating a plant
aiding in the formation of a cell wall
paralyzing a prey organism
attracting insects to assist in pollination
inhibiting growth of nearby organisms
B
Which of following statements regarding Cone snails is incorrect?
The pharmaceutical agent developed from conotoxins is more powerful than morphine and provides relief from unrelenting chronic pain rather than acute pain.
Conotoxin can contain 50 - 200 different compounds per cone snail species.
While conotoxins primarily target receptors and ion channels in excitable tissues (i.e. nerve and muscle), one cone snail species uses insulin to kill its prey.
Conotoxin is fired from a harpoon-like, barbed tooth at the end of a proboscis that is used over and over with each new prey item reloading it with venom each time.
Cone snails normally hunt and eat marine worms, other snails and fish although their toxin is capable of killing a human.
C
Which of the following are arranged in the sequence in which the various taxa first appeared in time?
bacteria, charophytes, protists, mosses, angiosperms, cycads.
bacteria, protists, liverworts, lycophytes, charophytes, angiosperms, gnetophytes
prokaryotes, protists, charophytes, mosses, ferns, conifers, angiosperms.
prokaryotes, protists, mosses, charophytes, conifers, ferns, angiosperms
protists, prokaryotes, charophytes, ferns, mosses, angiosperms, conifers.
C
Which term best describes the type of root shown here?
adventitious root
taproot
pneumatophore
prop root
stolon
B
Which of the following correctly describes the fate of the embryonic germ layers?
The endoderm forms the inner part of all internal organs, the mesoderm forms the middle parts, and the ectoderm forms the outer coverings.
The endoderm forms the gut, the ectoderm forms the reproductive tract and endocrine system, and the mesoderm forms muscles and most internal organs.
The endoderm forms the gut, the ectoderm forms the epidermis and parts of the nervous system, and the mesoderm forms muscles and most internal organs.
The layers are sequential structures that all disappear during development, with the endoderm appearing first and then is replaced by the mesoderm, which in turn is supplanted by the ectoderm.
C
Which of the following statements about fruits is NOT true?
A drupe is a fleshy fruit from a single ovary with many seeds embedded in the flesh.
A strawberry is an example of an aggregate fruit.
Apples are pomes because they have a core that separates the seeds from the ovary.
A dry fruit like a pea or bean pod may split in two at maturity to release its seeds
A multiple fruit, such as a pineapple, is an aggregation of small fruits.
A
If you see this organism on campus, on the Boston Common or anywhere in Massachusetts you should _____________________ .
kill it and report it because it is invasive and destructive to our grape and apple crops and destructive to our trees.
carefully capture it and bring it to a Northeastern arborist because with its red, black and white wings, it is the campus insect mascot.
stomp on it and don't worry about reporting it because it is not particularly destructive and no other populations have been found yet in Massachusetts.
leave it alone because it is endangered in the United States and is an important pollinator.
leave it alone because it is food for the birds and only the eggs need to be destroyed. The adults don't matter because they will die when it gets colder anyway.
A
Oxycontin, Heroin, Fentanyl and Naltrexone are produced from the flowers of the poppy plant.
True
False
B
Picea glauca is a seed-bearing plant. What other characteristic MUST be true of this species?
Double-fertilization results in the production of endosperm.
It produces flowers.
It has vascular tissue.
The gametophyte is the dominant generation.
It produces fruits.
C
Which of the following weather conditions would you expect to have the greatest positive impact on sexual reproduction of ferns and mosses?
below average temperature for a few days
excessively wet and rainy conditions
above average temperature for several days
the bright sun of an open field
excessively dry period for several days
B
Wild cherry (Prunus avium) is a tree that is native to Europe and parts of Asia and Africa. It has been widely cultivated by humans for its fruit, which are also attractive to birds. Based on this information, wild cherry is most closely related to which of the following plants?
Roses
Ferns
Mosses
Pine trees
Liverworts
A
Among the mammals, only some primates (including most humans) have color vision. What was the likely advantage that probably drove the evolution of primate color vision?
The ability to identify plants with medicinal value.
The ability to find ripe fruit.
The ability to enjoy the aesthetic value of flowers.
The ability to prepare for winter as portended by autumn colors of leaves.
The ability to identify organisms with aposematic coloration.
B
Which situation is an example of thigmotropism?
a maple seedling growing toward the sun
stomata closing in response to drought
a tomato plant forming flower buds
a kudzu vine growing up a tree
a tall grass moving in the wind
D
Conifers produce copious amounts of pollen during reproduction. What would be a likely consequence of a significant reduction in the amount of pollen produced by conifers?
There would be a decrease in the number of seeds produced because the chances of pollen reaching a female cone of the same species would be reduced.
There would be a significant negative effect on the viability of seeds because double fertilization could not occur, so there would be no food available for the growing embryo.
None of the answers are correct.
There would be little effect because coevolved pollinators would still be able to transfer pollen from the male cones to the appropriate female cones.
There would be a significant decrease in the genetic diversity of embryos, but little effect on the number of seeds as only one pollen grain is necessary to fertilize a single female cone.
A
Many medications are based on secondary metabolites derived from plants. What best explains why plants have more secondary metabolites than animals do?
Plants are photosynthetic.
The metabolites facilitate plant-to-plant communication.
Plants grow.
The metabolites promote cell signaling.
Plants are stationary and cannot defend themselves through escape or movement.
E
Aposematism (Aposematic coloration), a strategy used by a variety of sedentary and soft-bodied organisms, is beneficial only to those that serve as prey.
True
False
B
A widely cultivated gymnosperm with fork-veined, fan-shaped leaves and smelly, poisonous seeds that is often found in cities because it is tolerant to temperature fluctuations and pollution is:
Gingko
Crab apple
Ephedra
Club moss
Sequoia
A
What type of flower should you plant in your garden if you are particularly interested in attracting butterflies?
Pendulous red flowers that are open day and night with no scent.
White, night-blooming flowers with a strong floral scent.
Purple, tubular-shaped flowers with a light floral scent.
Yellow flowers with abundant pollen and nectar and a strong floral scent .
White day-blooming flowers with abundant pollen and a strong floral scent.
C
Laboratory Analysis:
Body: Stout trunk that terminates in crown of large palm-like leaves. Large seed bearing cone located between leaves at top of plant.
Size: 2.0 meters tall (~ 6.5 feet) Chromosomal Analysis: Plant body is diploid—chromosome number of 24.
Lignin test: Positive Cuticle: Present Leaves: Present—large, compound; evergreen.
Roots: Present; also possess above-ground roots that harbor cyanobacteria (symbiotic association). Stem: Present—vascular tissue present.
Notes: Cones of this specimen bear seeds—other specimens produce flagellated sperm.
Life History : Sporophyte dominant generation of life—each bearing either megasporangia or microsporangia, but not both. Insects, especially beetles, appear important in pollination.
Based on this information, what is your tentative classification?
Gymnosperm; Gingko
Bryophyte; Horsetail
Angiosperm; Ephedra
Angiosperm; Cycad
Gymnosperm; Cycad
E
What is true of eudicots but not monocots?
Eudicots have stomatal pores but monocots do not.
Eudicots have vascular bundles scattered in their stems.
Eudicots have venation that is parallel to the leaf axis.
Eudicots have true seed leaves but monocots do not.
Eudicots have flower parts usually in multiples of 4 or 5.
E
The apprentice in your horticulture lab accidentally trims all of the terminal buds from a particularly prized specimen. After realizing his mistake, he rather glumly asks you, as lead horticulturalist, about the effects on the plant. You predict that:
the plant will continue its vertical growth and will be a tall and skinny variety.
the plant will continue its horizontal spread and will be a wide but short variety.
the plant will die rapidly from this loss.
the plant will regrow the lost buds.
B
Which of the following statements is/are true of xylem?
It is found in the gametophyte generation, but not in the sporophyte.
It assists in conducting materials, such as water and minerals, throughout the plant.
It does not provide structural support to the plant.
It is found in all land plants.
All of the others are correct.
B
Which of the following statements is/are true of xylem?
It is found in the gametophyte generation, but not in the sporophyte.
It assists in conducting materials, such as water and minerals, throughout the plant.
It does not provide structural support to the plant.
It is found in all land plants.
All of the others are correct.
B