Which function of the skeletal system would be especially important if you were in a car accident?
protection of internal organs
Bone tissue can be described as ________.
dense, hard connective tissue
Without red marrow, bones would not be able to ________.
make blood cells
Yellow marrow has been identified as ________.
an area of fat storage
Which of the following can be found in areas of movement?
cartilage
The skeletal system is made of ________.
bones and cartilage
Most of the bones of the arms and hands are long bones; however, the bones in the wrist are categorized as ________.
short bones
Sesamoid bones are found embedded in ________.
tendons
Bones that surround the spinal cord are classified as ________ bones.
irregular
Which category of bone is among the most numerous in the skeleton?
long bone
Long bones enable body movement by acting as a ________.
lever
Which of the following occurs in the spongy bone of the epiphysis?
hematopoiesis
The diaphysis contains ________.
compact bone
The fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of the bone is the ________.
periosteum
Which of the following are incapable of undergoing mitosis
osteoblasts and osteocytes
Which cells do not originate from osteogenic cells?
osteoclasts
Which of the following are found in compact bone and cancellous bone?
lamellae
Which of the following are only found in cancellous bone?
trabeculae
The area of a bone where the nutrient foramen passes forms what kind of bone marking?
a hole
Why is cartilage slow to heal?
because it does not have a blood supply
Why are osteocytes spread out in bone tissue?
They are surrounded by osteoid.
In endochondral ossification, what happens to the chondrocytes?
They die in the calcified matrix that surrounds them and form the medullary cavity.
Which of the following bones is (are) formed by intramembranous ossification?
the flat bones of the cranium
Bones grow in length due to activity in the ________.
epiphyseal plate
Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation ________.
beneath the periosteum
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of zones in the epiphyseal plate?
calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved
A fracture can be both ________.
open and transverse
How can a fractured diaphysis release fat globules into the bloodstream?
The yellow marrow in the diaphysis is exposed and damaged.
In a compound fracture, ________.
broken bone pierces the skin
The internal and external calli are replaced by ________.
trabecular bone
The first type of bone to form during fracture repair is ________ bone.
spongy
Calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine if ________ is lacking.
vitamin D
Which of the following hormones are responsible for the adolescent growth spurt?
estrogen and testosterone
All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except
thyroxine
Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated?
calcitonin
Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.
Skeletal muscle only
The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.
Myoblasts
Skeletal muscle cells require a great amount of energy. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell?
mitochondria
Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood?
endocardium
Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
mitral
Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart?
tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic, semilunar
Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit?
right atrium
Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria?
none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization
Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________.
ventricular repolarization
Most blood enters the ventricle during ________.
atrial diastole
The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle?
closing of the atrioventricular valves
The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain?
medulla oblongata
Which of the following statements about blood is true?
Blood is slightly more viscous than water
Which of the following statements about albumin is true?
it is the most abundant plasma protein
Which of the following statements about erythropoietin is true?
It facilitates the proliferation and differentiation of the erythrocyte lineage.
Which of the following statements about mature, circulating erythrocytes is true?
the have no nucleus
A molecule of hemoglobin ________.
consists of four globin proteins, each bound to a molecule of heme
Which of the following describes a neutrophil?
abundant, granular, especially effective against bacteria
A patient has been experiencing severe, persistent allergy symptoms that are reduced when she takes an antihistamine. Before the treatment, this patient was likely to have had increased activity of which leukocyte?
basophils
T and B lymphocytes ________.
are involved with specific immune function
The first step in hemostasis is ________.
vascular spasm
Prothrombin is converted to thrombin during the ________.
common pathway
What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity?
increase surface area
Which of the following are structural features of the trachea?
C-shaped cartilage
Which of the following structures is not part of the bronchial tree?
terminal bronchioles
The pleura that surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the ________.
visceral and parietal pleurae.
Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in?
pulmonary ventilation
A decrease in volume leads to a(n) ________ pressure.
increase in
The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called ________.
transpulmonary pressure
Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur?
The ribs and sternum move upward.
Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing?
residual volume
Gas moves from an area of ________ partial pressure to an area of ________ partial pressure.
high; low
When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs?
The capillary constricts.
Gas exchange that occurs at the level of the tissues is called ________.
internal respiration
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide?
It diffuses into the alveoli.
A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________.
Haldane effect
Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin depends on:
ph, temperature, and presence of other oxygen molecules on hemoglobin
Which of the following forms of carbon dioxide transport would NOT be found in plasma?
carbaminohemoglobin
Hyperventilation leads to abnormally:
low levels of carbon dioxide
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?
stratum basale
Langerhans cells are commonly found in the ________.
stratum spinosum
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________.
- connective tissue
Collagen lends ________ to the skin.
structure
Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?
source of blood vessels in the epidermis
In response to stimuli from the sympathetic nervous system, the arrector pili ________.
are responsible for goose bumps
The hair matrix contains ________.
a layer of basal cells
Eccrine sweat glands ________.
are present in the skin throughout the body and produce watery sweat
Sebaceous glands ________.
are associated with hair follicles
Similar to the hair, nails grow continuously throughout our lives. Which of the following is furthest from the nail growth center?
hyponychium
In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for ________.
vitamin D synthesis
One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function?
folic acid synthesis
An individual using a sharp knife notices a small amount of blood where he just cut himself. Which of the following layers of skin did he have to cut into in order to bleed?
papillary dermis
As you are walking down the beach, you see a dead, dry, shriveled-up fish. Which layer of your epidermis keeps you from drying out?
stratum corneum
If you cut yourself and bacteria enter the wound, which of the following cells would help get rid of the bacteria?
Langerhans cells
In general, skin cancers ________.
can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun
Bedsores ________.
are preventable by eliminating pressure points
An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin?
epidermis only
After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?
increased production of connective tissue
Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?
keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum