AP Psych keywords mods 49-52 Flashcards

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which culture defines male and female

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

the degree to which people have and perceive a desired number, quality, and diversity of relationships that create a sense of belonging, and being cared for, valued, and supported

a set of expected behaviors for males and females

a set of expectations (norms) about social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

our sense of being male or female

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

a umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from the associated with their birth sex

early childhood shapes the brain but but learning causes the brain to modify itself

parents- influence a child's quality of life, attachments to beliefs, exposure to peer culture via neighborhood and schools

peers- influence a child's taste and styles, accents and slang, and substance use

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

the thinking that occurs as we consider right from wrong

proposed a stage theory of moral reasoning, from a preconventional morality of self interest, to a conventional morality concerned with upholding laws and social rules (in some people) a postconventional morality of universal ethical principal's

self- interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

actions reflect belief in basic rights and self- defined ethical principals

gender differences, Gilligan felt that Kohlberg’s theories centered too much around the process of male thought,she decided to study how women develop their sense of morality and how this development differs from men, Gilligan theorized that morality in men relies on a justice-based system, based on fairness and equality, believed that women invest more in a care-based system of morality, focus on the avoidance of violence, rather than the distribution of justice or equality

quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions

doing the right thing, depends on social influences

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

the "we" aspect of our self- concept; the part of our answer to "who am i?" that comes from our group members

theorized that each life stage has its own psychosocial task, and that a chief task of adolescence is solidifying one's sense of self, one's identity, this often means "trying on" a different number of roles

each life stage has its own psychosocial task

if needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

in middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose

reflecting on his or her life, an older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

the period from age 18 to the mid- twenties, when many young people are not yet fully independent (found in many western cultures)