AP BIO SEM 1 Final- Unit 2 exams Flashcards

The following questions refer to the following diagram. For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all for each group.

Site of glucose synthesis

A

B

C

D

E

The following questions refer to the following diagram. For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all for each group.

Site of conversion of chemical energy of glucose to ATP

A

B

C

D

E

The following questions refer to the following diagram. For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all for each group.

Site of modification and packaging of proteins and lipids prior to export from the cell

A

B

C

D

E

The following questions refer to the following diagram. For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all for each group.

Site of transport of materials into and out of the cell

A

B

C

D

E

The following questions refer to the following diagram. For each phrase or sentence, select the labeled part to which it is most closely related. Each option may be used once, more than once, or not at all for each group.

Evolved from a photoautotrophic prokaryote

A

B

C

D

E

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?A

A. Nucleus

B. Golgi apparatus

C. Cytoskeleton

D. Plasma membrane

Which of the following best describes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates?

A. The removal of a water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers.

B. The removal of a water molecule forms a covalent bond between sugar monomers.

C. The addition of a water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers.

D. The addition of a water molecule forms a covalent bond between sugar monomers.

The figure above represents a rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes the role of the structure labeled Y?

A. Structure Y contributes the raw materials required for the synthesis of proteins.

B. Structure Y packages proteins for export from the cell.

C. Structure Y is the location where proteins are synthesized.

D. Structure Y contains enzymes that cut and activate proteins.

Simple cuboidal epithelial cells line the ducts of certain human exocrine glands. Various materials are transported into or out of the cells by diffusion. (The formula for the surface area of a cube is 6 X S ², and the formula for the volume of a cube is S ³, where S = the length of a side of the cube.)

Which of the following cube-shaped cells would be most efficient in removing waste by diffusion?

A. 10

B. 20

C. 30

D. 40

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can damage DNA by breaking weak bonds. Which of the following best explains how this occurs?

A. UV radiation disrupts the double helix structure by breaking the covalent bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs.

B. UV radiation disrupts the double helix structure by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs.

C. UV radiation is able to break DNA strands in two by breaking covalent bonds between the sugar-phosphate backbone molecules.

D. UV radiation is able to break DNA strands in two by breaking hydrogen bonds between the sugar-phosphate backbone molecules.

Which of the following describes the most likely location of cholesterol in an animal cell?

A. Embedded in the plasma membrane

B. Dissolved in the cytosol

C. Suspended in the stroma of the chloroplast

D. Bound to free ribosomes

The diagram above represents a typical rod-shaped bacterium. Which of the following best describes a feature shown in the diagram that is unique to archaea and bacteria?

A. The organism is surrounded by a cell wall.

B. The organism contains ribosomes.

C. The organism does not have a nuclear membrane surrounding its genetic material.

D. The organism is not capable of making or providing itself with ATP.

In an experiment, the efficiency of oxygen exchange across the plasma membrane is being assessed in four artificial red blood cells. The table above lists some properties of those artificial cells. Other conditions being equal, which artificial cell is predicted to be the most efficient in exchanging oxygen with the environment by diffusion?

A. The cuboidal cell

B. The tetrahedral cell

C. The cylindrical cell

D. The spherical cell

Humans produce sweat as a cooling mechanism to maintain a stable internal temperature. Which of the following best explains how the properties of water contribute to this physiological process?

A. The high specific heat capacity of water allows the body to absorb a large amount of excess heat energy.

B. The high heat of vaporization of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from liquid to gas.

C. The high surface tension of water contributes to the physical process by which water leaves the body.

D. The high melting temperature of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water from solid to liquid.

A student formulated a hypothesis that water-soluble pollutants damage living organisms by increasing the permeability of cellular membranes. To test the hypothesis, the student investigated the effect of isopropanol and acetone on beet root cells. The vacuoles of beet root cells contain large amounts of betacyanin, a water-soluble pigment that is released into the extracellular environment as a result of increased membrane permeability.

The student prepared identical samples of beet root tissue and incubated each sample for 15 minutes in the specific solution for that group. At the end of the incubation period, the student measured the absorbance of 460 nm light for each sample. A greater concentration of betacyanin in the solution surrounding the beet root cells results in a greater absorbance of 460 nm light. The results of the experiment are shown in the table above.

Which of the following graphs is the most appropriate representation of the experimental data?

A student formulated a hypothesis that water-soluble pollutants damage living organisms by increasing the permeability of cellular membranes. To test the hypothesis, the student investigated the effect of isopropanol and acetone on beet root cells. The vacuoles of beet root cells contain large amounts of betacyanin, a water-soluble pigment that is released into the extracellular environment as a result of increased membrane permeability.

The student prepared identical samples of beet root tissue and incubated each sample for 15 minutes in the specific solution for that group. At the end of the incubation period, the student measured the absorbance of 460 nm light for each sample. A greater concentration of betacyanin in the solution surrounding the beet root cells results in a greater absorbance of 460 nm light. The results of the experiment are shown in the table above.

Which of the following is the dependent variable in the experiment?

A. The percent by volume of isopropanol in the treatment solutions

B. The percent by volume of water in the treatment solutions

C. The length of time each sample was incubated in the treatment solutions

D. The absorbance of 460 nm light by the treatment solutions

A student formulated a hypothesis that water-soluble pollutants damage living organisms by increasing the permeability of cellular membranes. To test the hypothesis, the student investigated the effect of isopropanol and acetone on beet root cells. The vacuoles of beet root cells contain large amounts of betacyanin, a water-soluble pigment that is released into the extracellular environment as a result of increased membrane permeability.

The student prepared identical samples of beet root tissue and incubated each sample for 15 minutes in the specific solution for that group. At the end of the incubation period, the student measured the absorbance of 460 nm light for each sample. A greater concentration of betacyanin in the solution surrounding the beet root cells results in a greater absorbance of 460 nm light. The results of the experiment are shown in the table above.

The illustration above is a model of a typical beet root cell. Based on the experimental results, which of the following best represents the effect of acetone on the permeability of cellular membranes?

A student formulated a hypothesis that water-soluble pollutants damage living organisms by increasing the permeability of cellular membranes. To test the hypothesis, the student investigated the effect of isopropanol and acetone on beet root cells. The vacuoles of beet root cells contain large amounts of betacyanin, a water-soluble pigment that is released into the extracellular environment as a result of increased membrane permeability.

The student prepared identical samples of beet root tissue and incubated each sample for 15 minutes in the specific solution for that group. At the end of the incubation period, the student measured the absorbance of 460 nm light for each sample. A greater concentration of betacyanin in the solution surrounding the beet root cells results in a greater absorbance of 460 nm light. The results of the experiment are shown in the table above.

The student analyzed the data from the investigation and concluded that the estimate of the mean of one treatment group was unreliable. Which of the following identifies the treatment group most likely to have provided an unreliable estimate of the mean, and correctly explains why the estimate appears unreliable?

A. Treatment group II; it has a lower than expected mean absorbance and the largest standard error of the mean.

B. Treatment group III; it has a higher than expected mean absorbance and the largest standard error of the mean.

C. Treatment group IV; it has a higher than expected mean absorbance and the smallest standard error of the mean.

D. Treatment group V; it has a lower than expected mean absorbance and the smallest standard error of the mean.

Paramecia are unicellular protists that have contractile vacuoles to remove excess intracellular water. In an experimental investigation, paramecia were placed in salt solutions of increasing osmolarity. The rate at which the contractile vacuole contracted to pump out excess water was determined and plotted against osmolarity of the solutions, as shown in the graph. Which of the following is the correct explanation for the data?

A. At higher osmolarity, lower rates of contraction are required because more salt diffuses into the paramecia.

B. The contraction rate increases as the osmolarity decreases because the amount of water entering the paramecia by osmosis increases.

C. The contractile vacuole is less efficient in solutions of high osmolarity because of the reduced amount of ATP produced from cellular respiration.

D. In an isosmotic salt solution, there is no diffusion of water into or out of the paramecia, so the contraction rate is zero.

Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?

A. Ribosomes will translate mRNA to produce proteins.

B. Vesicles will release extracellular growth factors via exocytosis.

C. Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol.

D. Vacuoles will fuse with the cellular membrane.

A human kidney filters about 200 liters of blood each day. Approximately two liters of liquid and nutrient waste are excreted as urine. The remaining fluid and dissolved substances are reabsorbed and continue to circulate throughout the body. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is secreted in response to reduced plasma volume. ADH targets the collecting ducts in the kidney, stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into their plasma membranes and an increased reabsorption of water.

If ADH secretion is inhibited, which of the following would initially result?

A. The number of aquaporins would increase in response to the inhibition of ADH.

B. The person would decrease oral water intake to compensate for the inhibition of ADH.

C. Blood filtration would increase to compensate for the lack of aquaporins.

D. The person would produce greater amounts of dilute urine.

The manner in which several different ions and molecules move through a cell membrane is shown in the diagram above. For each ion or molecule, the relative concentration on each side of the membrane is indicated. Which of the following accurately describes one of the movements taking place?

A. Glucose is transported into the cell by active transport.

B. Na⁺ is transported into the cell by active transport.

C. The movement of glucose through the membrane requires ATP hydrolysis.

D. Na⁺ transport out of the cell requires ATP hydrolysis.

Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes?

A. Eukaryotic cells are able to reproduce faster because of the presence of organelles.

B. Some organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, are similar to prokaryotic cells in structure.

C. Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency.

D. Compartmentalization leads to a higher mutation rate in DNA, which leads to more new species.

A student peeled the skins from grapes, exposing cells with membranes that are only permeable to water and small diffusible solutes. The student measured the mass of the peeled grapes. The student then placed each peeled grape into one of five solutions. After 24 hours, the student removed the peeled grapes from the solutions, measured their final mass, and calculated the percent change in mass (Table 1).

In a second experiment (Table 2), the student placed a peeled grape into a solution containing both small diffusible solutes and solutes to which the membrane is impermeable (nondiffusible solutes).

Based on Table 1, which of the following best explains the difference in water potential between certain solutions and the grapes?

A. NaCl and tap water have a lower water potential because these two solutions caused the grape to gain water.

B. Grape soda and NaCl have a lower water potential because these two solutions caused the grape to lose water.

C. Tap water and grape juice have a lower water potential because these two solutions caused the grape to lose water.

D. Grape soda and grape juice have a lower water potential because these two solutions caused the grape to gain water.

A student peeled the skins from grapes, exposing cells with membranes that are only permeable to water and small diffusible solutes. The student measured the mass of the peeled grapes. The student then placed each peeled grape into one of five solutions. After 24 hours, the student removed the peeled grapes from the solutions, measured their final mass, and calculated the percent change in mass (Table 1).

In a second experiment (Table 2), the student placed a peeled grape into a solution containing both small diffusible solutes and solutes to which the membrane is impermeable (nondiffusible solutes).

Based on Table 1, which of the following percentages is closest to the solute concentration of the grape?

A. 0.0%

B. 1.3%

C. 5.5%

D

A student peeled the skins from grapes, exposing cells with membranes that are only permeable to water and small diffusible solutes. The student measured the mass of the peeled grapes. The student then placed each peeled grape into one of five solutions. After 24 hours, the student removed the peeled grapes from the solutions, measured their final mass, and calculated the percent change in mass (Table 1).

In a second experiment (Table 2), the student placed a peeled grape into a solution containing both small diffusible solutes and solutes to which the membrane is impermeable (nondiffusible solutes).

A student hypothesizes that the solute concentration of grape juice is higher than the solute concentration of the actual grape because the grape juice has added sugar.

Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following best evaluates the student’s hypothesis?

A. The hypothesis is supported because the mass of the grape decreased in the grape juice.

B. The hypothesis is supported because the grape juice has a greater solute potential than the grape has.

C. The hypothesis is not supported because the grape was isotonic to the grape juice.

D. The hypothesis is not supported because the mass of the grape increased in the grape juice.

A student peeled the skins from grapes, exposing cells with membranes that are only permeable to water and small diffusible solutes. The student measured the mass of the peeled grapes. The student then placed each peeled grape into one of five solutions. After 24 hours, the student removed the peeled grapes from the solutions, measured their final mass, and calculated the percent change in mass (Table 1).

In a second experiment (Table 2), the student placed a peeled grape into a solution containing both small diffusible solutes and solutes to which the membrane is impermeable (nondiffusible solutes).

Assuming a negligible pressure potential, which of the following best predicts the net movement of the small diffusible solutes and water in the second experiment (Table 2) ?

A. Small diffusible solutes will diffuse into the grape cells, followed by water.

B. Small diffusible solutes will diffuse out of the grape cells and water will diffuse into the cells.

C. Small diffusible solutes will diffuse out of the grape cells, followed by water.

D. Small diffusible solutes will diffuse into the grape cells and water will diffuse out of the cells.

A student peeled the skins from grapes, exposing cells with membranes that are only permeable to water and small diffusible solutes. The student measured the mass of the peeled grapes. The student then placed each peeled grape into one of five solutions. After 24 hours, the student removed the peeled grapes from the solutions, measured their final mass, and calculated the percent change in mass (Table 1).

In a second experiment (Table 2), the student placed a peeled grape into a solution containing both small diffusible solutes and solutes to which the membrane is impermeable (nondiffusible solutes).

Mercurial sulfhydryl is an inhibitor of aquaporins. Which of the following is the most likely effect of adding mercurial sulfhydryl to the distilled water solution?

A. The grape cells will burst because of excess water entering by active transport.

B. The grape cells will gain more water because of the activation of the transport protein.

C. The grape cells will shrink because active transport has been inhibited.

D. The grape cells will gain water more slowly because of a lack of facilitated diffusion.

A student peeled the skins from grapes, exposing cells with membranes that are only permeable to water and small diffusible solutes. The student measured the mass of the peeled grapes. The student then placed each peeled grape into one of five solutions. After 24 hours, the student removed the peeled grapes from the solutions, measured their final mass, and calculated the percent change in mass (Table 1).

In a second experiment (Table 2), the student placed a peeled grape into a solution containing both small diffusible solutes and solutes to which the membrane is impermeable (nondiffusible solutes).

Which of the following best explains why larger grapes have a different rate of water absorption per gram of mass than smaller grapes do?

A. The rate is slower because smaller grapes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio than the larger grapes do.

B. The rate is slower because larger grapes have a larger surface-area-to-volume ratio than the smaller grapes do.

C. The rate is slower because smaller grapes can expand more than larger grapes to hold excess water.

D. The rate is slower because larger grapes have more volume to hold excess water than smaller grapes do.

A sample of human blood was placed in a test tube containing a physiological saline solution (0.9% sodium chloride). This type of solution is often used intravenously to quickly rehydrate patients. A drop of the blood from the test tube was placed on a slide and red blood cells (RBCs) were observed under a microscope. Three possible outcomes are diagrammed below.

Which of the following best predicts which diagrammed microscope view the laboratory worker would see and best explains why?

A. View 1 because RBC membranes are freely permeable to water

B. View 2 because the RBCs use energy to allow sodium entry and to pump water out

C. View 2 because the rate of water movement into the RBCs equals the rate of water movement out of the cells

D. View 3 because the sodium-potassium pumps in the RBC membranes use energy to keep the sodium out but allow water to freely flow into the cells

Which of the following groups of cellular components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells?

A. Ribosomes, a nucleus, and chloroplasts

B. Circular chromosomes, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum

C. A nucleus, ribosomes, and cell walls

D. An endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a nucleus

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. In an experiment, bacteriophages were labeled with either radioactive phosphorus or radioactive sulfur. The labeled bacteriophages were incubated with bacteria for a brief amount of time and then removed. The infected bacteria cells were found to contain significant amounts of radioactive phosphorus but not radioactive sulfur.

Based on the results of the experiment, which of the following types of molecules did the bacteriophages most likely inject into the bacteria cells?

A. Simple carbohydrate

B. Amino acid

C. DNA

D. Polypeptide

A scientist is developing a mathematical model of cells of different shapes. To construct the model, the scientist has specified that the width of each cell at its widest point must be μ30μm and the height of each cell must be μ90 μm. Table 1 shows the three-dimensional shapes that the scientist is considering for the model cells. Which of the proposed shapes for the model cells will allow the most efficient exchange of materials with the surrounding environment?

A. Right circular cylinder

B. Triangular prism

C. Rectangular prism

D. Square-based pyramid

A researcher measured the temperature at which two different samples of double-stranded DNA denature (separate into single strands). Sample 1 denatured at a significantly lower temperature than sample 2 did. Based on the data, the researcher claims that the DNA in sample 2 is composed of a higher percentage of guanine and cytosine than the DNA in sample 1 is.

Which of the following best supports the researcher’s claim?

A. The bonds between guanine and cytosine are covalent bonds, which require more energy to disrupt than those between adenine and thymine.

B. Guanine-cytosine pairs denature at a higher temperature because they have more hydrogen bonds between them than adenine-thymine pairs do.

C. Adenine-thymine pairs require less energy to separate because adenine and thymine are both single-ring bases.

D. Guanine-cytosine pairs require more energy to separate because one is a purine and one is a pyrimidine.