Check your understanding week 1 Flashcards

Your patient is scheduled for a staging procedure. She wants to know what that means. The correct response is which of the following?

The cellular response indicative of injury because of faulty metabolism is

The cellular component that is most susceptible to radiation injury is the

Proto-oncogenes

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as

After surgery to remove a lung tumor, your patient is scheduled for chemotherapy, which will

The hypermetabolic state leading to cachexia in terminal cancer is thought to be because of

TRUE/FAlSE

In general, a cancer cell that is more tissue-specific differentiated is more likely to be aggressive.

The cellular change that is considered preneoplastic is

The most common tumor-suppressor gene defect identified in cancer cells is

Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces _____ necrosis.

Carbon monoxide injures cells by

Familial retinoblastoma involves the transmission of what from parent to offspring?

Your patient eats “lots of fat,” leads a “stressful” life, and has smoked “about two packs a day for the last 40 years.” Her chronic morning cough recently worsened, and she was diagnosed with a lung mass. The most likely contributing factor for development of lung cancer in this patient is

Paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer involve excessive production of substances by multiple means. A common substance found in excessive amounts resulting from cancer paraneoplastic syndromes is

Cancer grading is based on

Retroviruses are associated with human cancers, including

Metaplasia is

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene

The primary effect of aging on all body systems is

Coagulative necrosis is caused by

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of

An obese but otherwise healthy teen is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of

A patient with high blood pressure who is otherwise healthy is counseled to restrict sodium intake. This is an example of

The effect of stress on the immune system

The stage during which the patient functions normally, although the disease processes are well established, is referred to as

In general, with aging, organ size and function

A patient has been exposed to meningococcal meningitis, but is not yet demonstrating signs of this disease. This stage of illness is called the _____ stage

A disease that is native to a particular region is called

Which is not normally secreted in response to stress?

norepinephrine

cortisol

epinephrine

insulin

Extreme cold injures cells by all the following except

ischemic injury from vasoconstriction

peripheral nerve damage from rebound vasodilation

decreased blood viscosity

crystallization of cellular components

All these cellular responses are potentially reversible except

metaplasia

atrophy

hyperplasia

necrosis

TRUE/FALSE

When the cause is unknown, a condition is said to be idiopathic

Somatic death refers to death

Many of the responses to stress are attributed to activation of the sympathetic nervous system and are mediated by

TRUE/FALSE

The nurse is swabbing a patient’s throat to test for streptococcal pharyngitis. The nurse must understand that tests such as this differ in the probability that they will be positive for a condition when applied to a person with the condition; this probability is termed sensitivity.

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular

Selye’s three phases of the stress response include all the following except

allostasis

resistance

alarm

exhaustion

A 17-year-old college-bound student receives a vaccine against an organism that causes meningitis. This is an example of

Reperfusion injury to cells

What is the study of causes or reasons for phenomena that identifies a causal factor that, acting in concert, provokes a particular disease?

Etiology classification that means unknown

Etiology classification that mean unintended/unwanted that can be caused from unintended/unwanted medical treatment.

A ________ _________ is a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease.

A clinical manifestation that is an objective or observed manifestation of disease.

A clinical manifestation that is based on subjective feeling of abnormality in the body.

A clinical manifestation that represents the etiology of signs and symptoms that have not yet been determined

Time between exposure of tissue to injurious agent and 1st appearance of signs and/or symptoms.

Refers to a period during an illness when signs/symptoms temporarily become mild, silent or disappear.

Time during which 1st sign and symptoms appear indicating onset of disease

Patient functions normally, and the disease processes are well established

May last months-years sometimes following an acute course

A sudden increase in the severity of disease or signs/symptoms (MS, Sickle cell disease)

Decrease in severity, sign, or symptoms: may indicate disease is cured

stage of recovery after a disease injury, or surgical procedure

Probablitly that the test will be negative when applied to a person without a particular condition

Probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular condition

native to a local region

spread to many people at the same time

spread to large geographic areas

Ability to successfully adapt to challanges

What are the three stages of Selyes GAS- general adaptation syndrome

What stage is GAS (selyes)

the point where the body can no longer return to homeostasis

What stage in GAS (selyes)

fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus

What stage in GAS (selyes)

activity of the nervous and endocrine system in returning the body to homeostasis

"cost" of the body's organs and tissues for an ineffectively regulated allostatic response. (part of the exhaustion stage of selyes)

In alarm, which one releases epinephrine and norepinephrine- short-term or long-term response?

In alarm, which one releases cortisol - short-term or long-term response?

Norepinephrine:

Constricts blood vessels and raises bp. What receptor is used- alpha or beta 2?

Epinephrine:

Enhances myocardial contractility, increase HR and increases CO- alpha or beta 2?

What is the primary glucocorticoid steroid that has anti-inflammation effects, promotes appetite, and affects protein metabolism?

Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water. Increases BP.

Affect stress responses, influencing allostasis.

Ex: estrogen, testosterone

In ischemia: Cellular events lead to __________ ____________.

Can increase during stress to enhance immune function

Results from malfunction of sodium-potassium pump with an accumulation of sodium ions within the cell.

Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious factors

Causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, nutrient starvation, persistent cell injury

Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands

Causes: Increased cellular protein content

Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell number due to mitotic division.

Causes: increased physiological demands or hormonal stimulations

Replacement of one differentiated cell with another

(fully reversible)

Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal variation in size, shape, and arrangement. Preneoplastic lessons.

What type of Necosis:

Most common type, process that begins with ischemia and ends with degradation of plasma membrane (heart muscle)

What type of Necosis:

Occurs with dissolution of dead cells (brain)

Formation of abscess or cysts from dissolved dead tissue

What type of Necosis:

Death of adipose tissue

usually the result of trauma or prancreatits

What type of Necosis:

Characteristic of lung damage secondary to TB

resembles cheese

What type of gangrene

form of coagulative necrosis characterized by blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue

What type of gangrene

-Could also involve with bacterial infection

for of liquefactive necrosis, can be fatal and typical found in internal organs

What type of gangrene

CDIFF

Does apoptosis cause inflammation

Do all benign tumors end with the suffix -oma?

Malignant tumor that is of epithelial orgin

Malignant tumor that is of mesenchymal orgin

Malignant tumor of white blood cells

What are proto-oncogene in its mutant overactive form

What are the following?

-HIV -Kaposi's sarcoma

-Epstein-Bar Virus- Burkitt lymphoma

-Human T-lymphocyte virus type 1- Adult T-cell leukemia

-Hepatitis C

Causes loss of function. Stops cell cycle for repariment

What type of Gene?

Normally "master brake" for cell cycle

normally blocks/stops cell division

Binds to transcription factors

What type of Gene?

Associated with breast cancer

Process by which cancer cells escape their tissue of origin and initiate new colonies of cancer in distant sites through the circulatory or lymphatic systems

What contributes to anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia?