Human Geography
The study of where and why human activities are located where they are
Cultural Landscape
A combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.
Why is Geography a Science?
Key Issue 1.1
Cartography
The science of map making
Place
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
Scale
The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole.
Space
The physical gap or interval between two objects.
Connection
Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
Projection
the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map.
Map Scale
The relationship between a distance on the map and the actual distance on the ground
Ratio Scale
A ratio or fraction shows the numerical relationship between distances on the map and Earth's surface.
Written Scale
Describes the relationship between map and Earth distances in words
Graphic Scale
Usually consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface.
Distortions
Flaws
Map
A two-dimensional, or flat-scaled model of Earth's surface or a portion of it.
Reference Tool
Maps purpose (to find the shortest route between two places and avoid getting lost along the way).
Communications Tool
Maps purpose (to depict the distribution of human activities or physical features).
Geographic Information System (GIS)
The analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies
Photogrammetry
The science of taking measurements of Earth's surface from photographs.
Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
Geotagging
Identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates.
Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)
The creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals
Citizen Science
Scientific research by amateur scientists
Participatory GIS (PGIS)
Community-based mapping, representing local knowledge and information.
Citizen Science and PGIS
Collect and disseminate local knowledge and information through electronic devices.
Mashup
a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service.
Mashup Examples
Google Maps or Bing Maps
Mental Map
An personal representation of a portion of Earth's surface.
Geographic Grid
a system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on Earth's surface.
Meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles.
Prime Meridian
The meridian, designated at 0° longitude, which passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England.
Longitude
the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian.
Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator.
Isoline Map (definition)
A map that connects with lines all the places that have particular values.
Dot Distribution Map (Definition)
A map that depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered or spread over an area.
Choropleth Map (Definition)
A map where recognizable areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variable.
Graduated Symbol Map (Definition)
A map that displays symbols (usually circles) that change in size according to the value of the variable.
Cartogram Map (Definition)
A map in which the size of a country or U.S state is proportional to the value of the particular variable.
Place Name/Toponym
The name given to a place on Earth
Site Factors
physical characteristics of a place.
Situation Factors/Relative Location
The location of a place relative to other places.
Mathematical Location/Absolute Location
Describes the position of a place in a way that never changes. (Ex. Longitude and Latitude)
Region
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.
Formal Region/Uniform Region
An area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
Functional Region/Nodal Region
An area organized around a node or focal point. The further you move away the less an activity takes place.
Vernacular Region/Perceptual Region
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
Why Are Different Places Similar?
Key Issue 1.3
Globalization
a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope. (A man-made spread globally)