usmle prep Flashcards

Drug used in tumor lysis syndrome to break down uric acid

Drug that reduces uric acid formation

MAOB metabolizes dopamine, the enzyme can be inhibited by_____

MAOi (prevent tyramine metabolism) interact with ____________ to cause hypertension

Phenytoin anticonvulsant works by___________

What are the side effects of phenytoin?

What is the mechanism of action of Valproic acid?

What are the side effects of VALPROIC ACID?

Drugs that cause steven johnsons syndrome are_________

What is the drug used to tx Malgnant hyperthermia and its MOA?

Mechanism of action of opioids ___________

Organisms not covered by cephalosporins are_________

___________ is a drug always given with Imepenem to prevent renal toxicity from its metabolites.

_______ is the drug of choice for treatment of lyme disease and rickettsia (both caused by ticks)

Which medication has the same intracellular target as trimethoprim (in bact cell) in its mechanism of action?

_______is an Antifungal medication that inhibits cytochrome p450 enzymes.

Empiric treatment of Entamoeba hystolytica requires a 2-phase approach:

Penicillin is given together with clavulanic acid to_______

Examples of beta lactamase inhibitors include___________

What is the mechanism of resistance of aminoglycosides?

______________is a common adverse effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole due to the trimethoprim-induced blockade of the sodium channels in the collecting duct, which prevents sodium-potassium exchange and reduces renal excretion of potassium (similar to the action of amiloride).

___________________is the most common benign liver tumor.

Damage to the anterior and posterior vagal trunks (of vagus) during fundoplication procedure causes _________

_________ is derived from a zymogen produced by pancreatic acinar cells and activated by trypsin in the duodenum; levels correlate with pancreatic exocrine activity. ie low levels = pancreatic insufficiency.

A drug that is non absorbabble antibiotic that is used to lower ammonia by modulating the bact that produces it in the GI tract

Acute hemolysis following exposure to oxidative insults ie infection,oxidizing foods and meds (eg flouroquinolones) occurs in ________

Patient without spleen have what kind of impairment?

Autosomal recessive disorder involving lack of homogentisic acid dioxygenase(metabolise tyrosine) leading to accumulation of homogentisic acid is called_______

Clinical features of alkaptonuria are __________

What is the role of hCG therapy in a pt with PCOS receiving ovulation induction therapy with gonadotropins?

___________ is a fungalorganism that replicates within macrophages and spreads from lungs to the reticuloendothelial system through pulmonary lymphatics.

__________ IS A/W URIC ACID FORMATION IN POST KIDNEY TRANS??

What causes aplastic anemia?

Whats the commonest cause of type1 DM?

Didanosine (ART used in HIV) causes_______________

Eg of encapsulated organism

C1 esterase inhibitor def

Pseudocholinesterase def

Disruption of heme synthesis via inhibition of aminolevulinate dehydratase is caused by

Lead toxicity findings

Renal artery stenosis is commonly due to ________

prolonged exposure to noise

test to do before starting eternacept (tnf alpha inh)

finasteride acts on what part of the prostate?

Ethambutol (arabinosyl transfarase inhibition) causes__________

What is the mechanism of action of Bisacodyl?

cause of gestational diabetes is due to

Examples of common immunosuppressants and mechanisms........

During anaphylactic reaction what is likely to be elevated in the serum?

The immunoglobulin most abundant in the blood is ____________

Immunoglobulin found in tears, saliva and breast milk is__________

Which immunoglobulin is responsible of immediate response to antigen?

Interferons α and β are produced by most human cells in response to viral infections. Their function is___________

What is the mechanism of vancomycin infusion reaction ?

Hereditary angioedema is caused by deficiency of what enzyme?

What is serum sickness?

The specific surface marker for monocyte-macrophage lineage cells is________

Whats the mechanism of action of glucocorticoids?

Drug of choice in treatment of anaphylactic shock is _________________

Disorders of innate immunity are____________

What is mechanism of action of rituximab?

The mediator released from macrophages and one of the most important during systemic inflammation in sepsis is___________

Fluticasone MOA is__________

venous congestion causes expansion of which part iof the spleen?

__________ is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in purine metabolism, to prevent accumulation of toxic metabolites(lymphocytotoxic).

__________inhibitors lead to destruction of the cell due to accumulation of metabolites.

Hyperacute rejection during transplant is due to recipient's preformed antibodies which are____________

Hereditary angioedema is characterized by recurrent episodes of cutaneous and/or mucosal swelling due to__________ deficiency. C4 levels are low due to uninhibited cleavage of C4 by excess activated C1.

What is the difference between pneumococcal conjugate and polysaccharide vaccine?

________________destroy parasite via antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity with enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules. Another function is regulation of type I hypersensitivity reactions.

_____________is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis as it decreases further mast cell release of inflammatory mediators and counteracts existing systemic inflammatory effects (eg, shock, bronchoconstriction).

MECONIUM ILEUS IS ALMOST ALWAYS A/W _______

DEEP INGUINAL RING AND SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING CAN BE DIFFERENTIATED BY ____________

INCREASE P

Many types of cancers evade immunodetection by increasing expression of _____________on their surface. Monoclonal antibodies against PD-1 upregulate the T-cell response and promote tumor cell apoptosis

_____________stimulates neutrophil migration to sites of inflammation. Other important chemotactic agents include 5-HETE (leukotriene precursor), C5a, and IL-8.

Topical corticosteroids are the first-line therapy for atopic dermatitis. Their mechanism of action is __________

TESTESTERONE HAS EFFECT ON HB

PERMETRIN

The only antibody that can cross the placenta______________

Chronic lung transplant rejection is due primarily to progressive scarring of the____________, leading to bronchiolitis obliterans. (months or years after transplantation and include obstructive lung disease (eg, reduced FEV1) with dyspnea and dry cough)

The most important opsonins (coating proteins that enhance phagocytosis) are___________

metabolic syndr

Drug of choice foe panic attacks

long standing RA can lead to

nerve likely to be injured during cardiac catheter ablations

commoon infe in burn pt

Key Th2 cytokines that trigger acute inflammation in atopic dermatitis are _____

____________is a type IV hypersensitivity reaction caused by drugs (eg, anticonvulsants, antibiotics) or their metabolites that typically occurs 5-21 days following drug initiation

Pt with auto immune thyroiditis are at risk of developing which thyroid ca?

There is decreased responsiveness to __________ in old age making it hard to cope with critical illness eg sev burns

Mechanismof action of botulinum toxin

Benzodiazepine withdrawal

Mitochondria DNA

Sugar that is metabolized fast than others ?

The most common outcome of hep c infection without tx is_______

Methadone is an opioid agonist that prevents opioid withdrawal by its _______

Damage to the pterion cause damage to which vessel?

Spinal stenosis

Role of hcg(secreted by placental syncytiotrophoblast)in preg

Drug of choice of listeria

Posterior cerebral artery stroke

Peripheral acting mu opioid receptor antagonist for treating constipation (doesn't induce withdrawal symptoms; doesn't cross BBB)

Discolouration of skin due to station dermatitis (chronic venous insufficiency)

Halogenated inhaled anesthesia can cause

Tx of priapism may involve penile injection with which medication?

Breakdown of dipeptide and tripeptide to free amino acids takes place where in the GI

Needle shaped Crystal in gout are due to

Diuretic drug that improve survival rate in heart failure with reduced EF_____

Lithium interact with _______ to cause toxicity symptoms

Renal cell carcinoma classic sings include______

Patients with cleft palate are at increased risk of ear infection due to dysfunction of

Best intial treatment of distal symmetrical polyneuropathy due to uncontrolled DM is

Function of golgi tendon is to _______

Opioid can generate pseudoallergic reaction by directly acting on ___________

First line tx for trigeminal neuralgia is

Prolonged seizures,crush injuries can predispose to?

Aldolase b deficiency

Buzz words for PCP (Phencyclidine)

• Mechanismof ace inhibitors post MI

Tramadol can interact with ssri to cause ___

After 12 months of amenorrhea _______ confirms menopause in 50+ yr old women

Patient with hyperuricemia have def of _______

Treatment of malaria with primaquine is for _______

Severe self limited watery diarrhea in immunocompromised pt is due to

Atrophy of mammillary bodies is classically seen in ______

How does Phenytoin and antiepileptic drug cause decrease in VIT d ?

Subacute thyroiditis usually follows viral infection and patient may show __________ on investigation

Mesothelioma histologically shows__________

NB: asbestos exposure is the primary risk factor

Before fertilization oocyte is arrested at what stage ?

Tx of ADHD

Ovarian torsion usually involves

Hepatocellular carcinoma can be caused by viruses _______

Mitochondrial damage leading to impaired fatty acid metabolism is seen in ________

Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Epiglottis

Hypercalcemia In_________ is caused by PTH independent VIT d activation by macrophages

Drugs that are given rectally avoid _______

Agammaglobulinemia is characterized by _________

Vocal cord nodule in immunocompromised is usually a resiult of_______

Hypersplenism (as seen in liver cirrhosis or portal htn) is associated with __________

Formation of non caseating granuloma due to type IV hypersensitivity reaction to an unknown antigen is seen in_________

Malignant hyperthermia is caused by genetic defect in____________

Neomycin mechanism of action?

How do you differentiate between kaposis sarcoma and bacillary angiomatosis (Bartonella spp)?

Medulla of the adrenal gland is stimulated by

Drugs that don't require dose adjustment in hepatic or renal conditions

Drug used for bulimia nervosa________

Drug of choice for ADHD is___________

_________Is a polypeptide hormones that binds to transmembrane receptor along plasma membrane

Proliferating spindle cells forming slit like spaces filled with blood is seen in ________

Cytokine involved in class switching of immunoglobulin

Angiodysplasia of ascending colon is common disorder in old age and usually present with ________

First line treatment for claudication ?

In hypersensitive type I mast cell secrete histamine in immediate phase and then secret ______ in late phase.

Circulation in lungs

Rituximab moa

Maple syrup disease is caused by ____________

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation of the gene that codes for____________________

Earliest response to bleeding injury is caused by_________

What hormone increase during pre prandial period and declines after a meal ?

Impaired binding of testosterone to it's receptors can be caused by __________

Role of dextrose in ORS is_________

The IV drug that causes arterial vasodilation and improve renal perfusion __________

What cells can't use ketones as a form of energy

Increased TGF-β activity is responsible for ___________________

Following ischemic to cardiac muscle after how long does contractility stop when ATP starts to decline?

Side effects of succinylcholine _____________?

What's the mechanism of HUS due to shiga toxin?

Effect of UV light on the skin ?

Which component of cardiovascular system is more susceptible to nitrates

H influenza protection/ vaccination MOA?

Lesions in syphilis

Mechanism of vit D in treatment of psoriasis

A topical drug that acts like a toll like receptor to increase antiviral cytokine production and upregulate NFkB is called ______________

Neck /head of femur is supplied by

Antilipid drug that impairs excretion of statins

External branch of superior laryngeal nerve can be injured in thyroidectomy. The nerve supplies which muscle?

Conversion of norepinephrine to epinephrine is facilitated by the_________

___________ is found in adipose tissue, where it functions to drive the breakdown of stored triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol. During times of starvation, this enzyme provides substrates for hepatic gluconeogenesis and ketone body formation.

Patients with turners syndr can be treated with growth hormone that stimulates the __________

Whats the function of cholecytokinin (CCK)?

Side effects of tamoxifen (that are not caused by Raloxifene)

1^o hyperparathyroidism causes hypercalcemia which causes constipation by __________________

PT with crohn disease are prone to get kidney stones due to _______

Vitamin necessary fo RBC membrane integrity ______

A carrier protein that transport both T4 and vit A is called

Coadministration of levothyroxine with other medications can impair its absorption, these include

Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder is

An oral macrolide antibiotic that inhibits the sigma subunit of RNA polymerase is _______

Fracture of the 12th rib is likely to cause injury to which structure?

The precursor for serotonin synthesis is ________

Non stimulant drugs for ADHD __________

___________should be monitored in tx with olanzapine and other 2nd gen antipsychotics

Common side effects of SSRI is _______

Drug induced parkinsonism is treated with

Generalized anxiety disorder treatment with no risk of dependence

Turner syndrome is associated with what cardiovascular abnormality?

The vessel with highest O2 saturation in a fetus is

Cancer cells usually have increased __________ activity that prevent chromosomal shortening

For maximum tensile strength collagen requires hydroxylation of proline and lysine this occurs in ________

Enzyme that removes short RNA fragment(RNA primers) that are base paired to DNA template

Crohn's dse affects commonly the terminal ileum impairing bile reabsorption causing _______

Duodenal atresia is due to ____________ while intestinal atresia of midgut (jejunum, ileum, prox colon) is due to _______________

P falciparum ability to be more infectious/achieve higher parasitemia is because ______

Cells that increase in COPD

CD8 t lymphocytes present antigen to MHC I which comprises of ________

Slow abnormal rise of Bhcg is seen in _________

__________ targets tumor cells and virally infected cells that lack MHC I expression.

Severe nodulocystic acne is treated with_____________

Chronic use of glucocorticoids (glucocorticoids induced osteoporosis) predisposes to fractures of ________

Leukemic cells can have resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs via different mechanism, the commonest one is ___________

What represents apoptosis in the hepatocytes (seen in both acute and chronic hepatitis)?

Function of proteosome inhibitors chemotherapy (eg. Bortezomib)is to______________

Oocyte remain in __________ till ovulation. And after maturation they arrest in _________ till its fertilized.

Whats the mechanism of acetazolamide in pt with increased ICP?

Cisplatin chemotherapy causes damage to dorsal root ganglia which would cause____________

Complications of neostigmine (in tx of myesthenia gravis) can cause ______

Mechanism of action of protease inhibitors.

Damage to the lateral horn of spinal cord (intermediate horn) in c8-t2 level causes_______

Melanocytes are dendritic cells that are derived from _____________

Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus can be differentiated from adenocarcinoma of esophagus by?

Iron deficiency anemia presents with _________

Locations of chambers on CT scans________

Multiple myeloma is what type of neoplasm?

Bacteria infection that can mimic appendicitis is__________________

Remodelling of a scar during wound healing is mediated by?

Large AV fistulas increase__________ and decrease______________.

Thiazolidinediones (glitazones) and fibrates have a similar receptors where they act. this is____________

In leukocyte function polymerization of actin filaments allows ____________

Renal age related changes include ________?

Side effects of beta2 receptor agonists (eg.albuterol) include?

Topical antibiotic ointment given to neonates to prevent STIs _______________

Substance P is the cause of peripheral neuropathy in pts with diabetic neuropathy. Treatment is by______________.

What happens to systole and diastole in sinus tachycardia?

When SVC is obstructed the blood returns to the heart via __________

Drug that antagonize NMDA ____________

Function of paclitaxel in stents is _________________

Seizures from which lobe are usually partial?

One pound of body fat has how many calories?

Mechanism of action of albendazole and mebendazole

Elevated alpha fetal protein and acetylcholinesterase in aminocentesis suggest

Trendelenburg sign/gait is seen in injury to which nerve?

Hippocampal sclerosis is a common cause of _____________

Anti lipid that acts in the intestinal lumen to prevent cholesterol absorption

Women get quickly intoxicated with alcohol compared to men. Why?

Silicosis is an interstitial lung disease that presents with silicosis nodule that are characterized by__________________

When accessing the left atrium care should be taken not to damage the AV node which is located at____________________

Effect of cortisol in arteries........

Lymphatic spread is a characteristic of______________

The primary treatment for diphtheria is the urgent administration of _____________

A drug that inhibits platelets aggregation and is also a direct arterial vasodilator