1) Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because ________.
A) all share a recent common ancestor
B) all of their bodies
have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater
pressures
C) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution,
which reduces drag while swimming
D) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water
C
2) As animals have evolved large body size, they have also evolved
adaptations to improve exchange of energy and materials with the
environment. For example, in many larger organisms, evolution has
favored lungs and a digestive tract with ________.
A) more
branching or folds
B) increased thickness
C) larger
cells
D) decreased blood supply
A
4) Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has
________.
A) less surface area
B) less surface area per unit
of volume
C) a smaller average distance between its mitochondria
and the external source of oxygen
D) a smaller cytoplasm-to-nucleus ratio
B
6) Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that
grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this
increase in gill size?
A) The young of these animals are much
more active than the adult, which leads to a higher BMR (basal
metabolic rate) and, therefore, a higher need for oxygen.
B) Relative to their volume, the young have more surface area across
which they can transport all the oxygen they need.
C) The young
have a higher BMR.
D) Relative to their surface area, the young
have more body volume in which they can store oxygen for long periods
of time.
B
7) Evolutionary adaptations that help some animals directly exchange
matter between the cells of their body and the environment include
________.
A) a gastrovascular cavity, a two-layered body, and a
torpedo-like body shape
B) an external respiratory surface, a
small body size, and a two-cell-layered body
C) a large body volume, a long, tubular body, and a set of
wings
D) an unbranched internal surface, a small body size, and
thick covering
B
8) All animals, whether large or small, have ________.
A) an external body surface that is dry
B) a basic body plan
that resembles a two-layered sac
C) a body surface covered with
hair to keep them warm
D) most of their cells in contact with an aqueous medium
D
24) Which of the following is a true statement about body size and
physiology?
A) The amount of food and oxygen an animal requires
and the amount of heat and waste it produces are inversely
proportional to its mass.
B) The rate at which an animal uses
nutrients and produces waste products is independent of its
volume.
C) Small and large animals face different physiological
challenges because an animal's body mass increases cubically while its
surface area increases as a squared function.
D) The wastes
produced by an animal double as its volume doubles and triple as its
surface area triples.
C
25) An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both
overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When
they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down
faster?
A) The elephant will because it has the higher
surface-area-to-volume ratio.
B) The elephant will because it has the lower surface-area-to-volume
ratio.
C) The mouse will because it has the higher
surface-area-to-volume ratio.
D) They will cool at the same rate
because they overheated by the same amount
C
26) You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the
following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its
surface area relative to its volume?
A) Pinch the edges of the
cube into small folds.
B) Flatten the cube into a pancake shape.
C) Round the clay up into a sphere.
D) Stretch the cube into a
long, shoebox shape.
C
38) In a cool environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an
extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized
endotherm because the ectotherm ________.
A) maintains a higher
basal metabolic rate
B) expends more energy per kilogram of body
mass than does the endotherm
C) invests little energy in temperature regulation
D) has greater insulation on its body surface
C
39) Elephants can often be observed cooling off by spraying water
over their bodies with their trunks. What type of heat exchange is
occurring?
A) conduction
B) convection
C) radiation
D) evaporation
D
40) An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or no
behavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body
temperature is a ________.
A) sea star living deep in the
ocean
B) bass living in a farm pond
C) hummingbird flying through a prairie
D) honeybee in a hive on a rural farm
A
42) Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians
________.
A) are ectothermic organisms with variable body
temperatures
B) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a
constant body temperature of 37°C
C) are endotherms but become thermo-conformers when they are in
water
D) become more active when environmental temperatures drop
below 15°C
A
43) The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the ________.
A) thyroid gland
B) hypothalamus
C) subcutaneous layer of
the skin
D) liver
B
45) The use of brown fat to generate metabolic heat is mostly limited
to small mammals. What is the basis of this adaptation?
A) Small
mammals cannot grow enough fur to insulate their bodies.
B)
Because of their large surface area to volume ratio, heat loss across
the body surface is higher in small animals.
C) Small mammals do not have enough muscle to generate heat by
shivering.
D) Large mammals have lost their brown fat through the
course of their evolution.
B
60) Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?
A) shivering
B) torpor
C) hibernation
D) burrowing
into soil
B