Exam 4 Flashcards

What is the first line of defense?

What is the second line of defense?

What are the phagocytes in the 2nd line of defense?

What is the 3rd line of defense?

What do B cells produce?

What is the first step of phagocytosis?

What is the second step of phagocytosis?

What is the third step of phagocytosis?

What is the fourth step of phagocytosis?

What is the fifth step of phagocytosis?

What is the sixth step of phagocytosis?

What is the seventh step of phagocytosis?

Which event occurs in the early stages of inflammation

What is the function of selectins

True or False: Margination occurs when neutrophils stick to the lining of the endothelium

Which role does histamine play during inflammation

Extravastation, also known as diapedesis or transmigration, occurs when ____

Are interferons a first line of defense or a second line of defense?

Evaluate the statements below, and select those that correctly apply to the role of PAMPs and PRRs in microbe recognition and phagocytosis.

• PAMPs are molecules present only on microorganisms, and they serve as signal molecules for pathogen recognition.

• Viruses do not contain PAMPs because they are not living cells.

• PAMPs are signal molecules found on all organisms, and they help the immune system distinguish self from nonself.

• PRRs are present at all times on phagocytic cells and even lymphocytes, regardless of whether they have encountered their corresponding PAMP.

• Phagocytic cells, such as neutrophils and dendritic cells, only synthesize PRRs once they have encountered the corresponding PAMP

• Peptidoglycan, LPS, and double-stranded RNA are all PAMPs since they are not present in eukaryotic cells.

What are components that comprise the first line defense mechanisms?

Normal biota appear to contribute to first line defense mechanisms through ____

Similiar to macrophages, _______ cells are products of the monocytic cell line that reside throughout the tissues and present antigen to lymphocytes.

Select the nonspecific processes below:

Inflammatory response

complement cascade

Phagocytosis

Interferon production

Antibody production

Fever enhances _____ and _____ mechanisms in the host

When a cell is infected by a virus, synthesis of ______ begins and this protein diffuses away from the infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins.

List the antimicrobial proteins

Select the correctly described examples of host defense mechanisms.

• Innate anatomical and physiological barriers

• Innate cellular and chemical defenses

• Innate host defenses due to B and T cells and their products

• Use of drugs and antibiotics

• Specific recognition of invaders by physical barriers

MHC-I molecules are located on what type of cells?

True or False: MHC-I molecules normally display "self" proteins, those that are normally produced by a cell.

In the case of cancer or viral infection, which MHC class is involved with displaying abnormal proteins to cytotoxic T cells as a signal for destruction?

MHC-II molecules are located on what type of cells?

Helper T cells require antigen processing and presentation by MHC-___

What types of immunity do host defenses consist of?

Adaptive immunity provides ___ (anamnestic response), ____ (antibody secretion), ____ (cell-mediated immunity)

Adaptive immunity is divided between

True or false: first and second line defenses display antigen-specificity

What line of defenses displays immunologic memory

What are the four major steps of a specific immune response?

_____ are substances that provoke a specific immune response which is so discriminating that only a single molecular fragment, called an _______, interacts with the lymphocyte’s receptor.

Select the statements that accurately describe antigens.

Check All That Apply

• They are perceived as foreign.
• Only whole microbes can serve as antigens.
• Proteins are immunogenic antigens.
• Antigens provoke an immune response.

What cell types serve as APCs

What describes the primary action of B cells

What describes the method of Cytotoxic T cell-mediated killing of a target cell?

What is the coating of microbe with antibody to enhance phagocytosis?

What antibodies fill the surface receptors on microbes to prevent its attachment to the host

What antibody that neutralizes bacterial exotoxins

What crosslinkage of cells or particles into large clumps

True or false: Memory B cells are formed during the primary response so that upon a secondary antigen exposure, a faster and more
vigorous antibody response ensues.

A person's own body produces B and T cell responses to antigen stimulus

An individual receives immune substances that were produced by another host

Immunity is acquired through normal life experiences, not through medical intervention

Immunity is obtained through medical procedures such as immunization

Select the statements that pertain to the principle herd of immunity

• Immune individuals do not carry the agent of a particular communicable disease.

• Mass immunization confers indirect protection of non-immunized members.

• Encounter with a pathogen is more likely in a largely immunized population.

• Herd immunity is only maintained through the occurrence of natural disease.

• Low herd immunity means there are greater numbers of susceptible individuals.

Infections transmitted by arthropod biological vectors use which of the following portals of entry?

Which is used by the greatest number of pathogens?

True or False: Nervous system diseases must always use the respiratory tract as a portal of entry because of its proximity to the brain.

Infections that are transmitted by ticks and other biting arthropods use what portal of exit

Pathogens that leave through feces are usually transmitted through ___ contact

Pathogens that leave through the respiratory portal by sneezing or coughing are usually transmitted through _______.

A pathogen can lead to attachment and avoidance of host defenses, which depend on ____

Virulence factors may trigger ____ and _____

Virulence factors may enhance _____

What is the mode of transmission from lyme disease?

What is the mode of transmission for salmonellosis from egg salad

What are 3 ways a pathogen survives host defenses?

what is the difference between signs and symptoms?

True or false: Colonization of a body tissue by microbes most often results in the establishment of disease.

True or false: Resident microbiota can cause disease in some individuals if they gain access to the correct portal of entry.

The relative ability of a microbe to establish itself in a host and cause disease is referred to as ______.

True or false: The presence of a capsule can enhance a microbe's virulence.

The ability of a nonpathogen or weakly pathogenic microorganism to cause disease primarily in an immunocompromised host is termed a(n) ______ infection.

What are the steps a microorganism take in process of establishing disease

Select the statements that accurately reflect virulence factors.

• Virulence factors only cause direct damage to host tissues.
• Hemolysins break down the cell membranes of blood cells, damaging them.
• Toxins are examples of virulence factors.
• Bacterial capsules are not considered virulence factors for they do not directly damage the host.

True or false: An infectious agent cannot be transmitted from a patient during the convalescent period.

True or false: reservoirs are always humans or other animals

A teacher walking through her first grade classroom pauses to pick up a used tissue that had ended up on the floor instead of in the waste basket. Unfortunately, after discarding the tissue, she doesn’t immediately wash her hands and acquires a strain of rhinovirus. Several days later, she begins to experience symptoms of a cold. Based upon this scenario, please select the mode of disease transmission demonstrated here.

During 2007, there were 3.6 new cases of pertussis per 100,000 susceptible individuals in the United States, part of a steady increase that has been occurring since the 1980s. Select the term that is illustrated by this statistic.