BIOLOGY 1307 Final Exam Review Flashcards

Protocells are fluid filled with a surrounding membrane and contain DNA.

The first genetic material on early Earth was most likely

Which of the following is an accurate characteristic of bacterial cell walls?

Gram-positive bacteria have which characteristics?

What structure protects Bacillus anthracis to survive in extreme environments like those without nutrients for decades?

Bacteria are able to adhere to substrates and to other individuals by using fimbrae.

Which statement about the genomes of prokaryotes is correct?

Which of the following describes an organism that obtains energy from light?

Why can prokaryotic population numbers be magnitudes larger than populations of multicellular eukaryotes?

Suppose bacteria are grown on a petri dish that contains nutrient agar and the antibiotic ampicillin. After observing the bacteria growth on the plate for two days, you notice that only some of the bacteria have survived. What is a plausible explanation for your observations?

What is one key difference between transformation and conjugation?

The main difference between endotoxins and exotoxins is that endotoxins are released when the bacterium dies, whereas exotoxins are proteins that are secreted by living bacteria.

The interactions of prokaryotes with humans are

Which of these observations gives the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells?

Sponges are most accurately described as

Ribozymes are DNA molecules that can catalyze reactions

Some members of this group have an "excavated" feeding groove on one side of the cell body

Comparisons of choanoflagellate and animal genome sequences tell us that key steps in the transition to multicellularity in animals

Phytoplankton blooms are caused by

Green algae differ from land plants in that some green algae

Of the four supergroups of eukaryotes, which one contains red algae, green algae, and all land plants?

The first multicellular organisms were collections of connected cells with a vast amount of differentiation

Which of the following are correctly described as a primary producers?

The life cycle of the malarial parasite, Plasmodium, includes

Sponges are most accurately described as

The most ancient branch point in animal phylogeny is that between having

Of the four supergroups of eukaryotes, which one contains red algae, green algae, and all land plants?

Using the figure above, what is the minimum age of the common ancestor of Sponges and Cnidarians?

Bilateral symmetry has only one imaginary slice divides the animal into two mirror-image halves

In the figure above, what tissue type does B refer to?

The body of the mollusk has three main parts: ____________________.

The chorion of amniotes functions to provide

Marsupials are

Upright posture, bipedal locomotion, and complex tool usage traits associated with

Xylem, a vascular tissue, performs transport of food.

Which tissue is responsible for plant growth?

Lateral branches, thorns, or flowers on the shoot and vertical roots on the rhizome produce from the

Mature cork cells deposit a waxy substance called ________ in cell walls.

Arrange the following steps of cell differentiation during plant growth (in length) in the correct sequence.
i. cell division in primary meristem
ii. cell division in apical meristem
iii. differentiated cells
iv. growing cells in primary meristem

If a plant is infected with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, what is the most probable effect on the plant?

________ is to xylem as ________ is to phloem.

What does 'F' represent?

Which of the following is considered an organic fertilizer?

Phloem transport is described as being from source to sink. Which of the following would most accurately complete this statement about phloem transport as applied to most plants in the late spring?

Phloem transports ________ from the ________ source to the ________ sink.

Epiphytes are plants that live in poor soil and digest insects to obtain nitrogen

The water and minerals in the xylem vessels transported by

The cuticle on the surface of epidermis of leaves is an adaptation for plants to conserve

The dominant chemical in phloem sap is (are)

The cork cambium replaces which of the following tissues during the plant growth?

The rise (upward mobility/transportation) of xylem sap by the cohesion-tension mechanism begins at the

Arrange the following stages in the life cycle of an angiosperm in a correct sequence.

i.gametophyte development

ii.double fertilization

iii.pollination

iv.seed development

The products of asexual reproduction in plants are

The function of the cotyledon is to _______

Microsporangia in flowering plants are located in the

The union of a sperm cell with ________ of the female gametophyte is referred as double fertilization.

Which of the following is a multiple fruit?

Increased success of offspring in a stable environment is considered an advantage of asexual reproduction in plants.

The ripening of fruit and the dropping of leaves and fruit are principally controlled by

Why do coleoptiles grow toward light?

Auxins play a role in ____________.

Young leaves and developing seeds are the prime sites for ________ synthesis.

A long-day plant will flower only when

If a short-day plant has a critical night length of 15 hours, then which of the following 24-hour cycles will prevent flowering?

Trichomes on certain plant species are a ________ to prevent excessive herbivory.

The radicle is the food storage for growing seedling.

If a plant requires pollination by bees, what adaptation would be best?

During the lifecycle of an angiosperm, what type of reproduction takes place during the vegetative phase?

Incomplete flowers lack one or more sexual organs.

A short-day plant will flower only when

What is the circulatory fluid called in arthropods with open circulatory systems?

If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, she may die from dehydration. ADH can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the

A collection of tissues functioning together is an

The pulmonary circuit in mammals involved the flow of blood from the ______ to the ______.

An example of a homeostatic response is

Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?

Sparrows (a small bird species) secrete uric acid as their form of nitrogenous waste because uric acid

An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the

The steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body because

How do marine fish perform osmoregulation?

In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of

Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism) can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the

Coordinating body functions via release of chemical signals into the vascular system is accomplished by

What type of muscle tissue is found lining the walls of many internal organs such as blood vessels and the digestive tract?

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that

The function of platelets is to ___________.

Innate immunity

The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow is

Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except

Adaptive immunity depends on

B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that

Antigens are

Immunological memory accounts for

HIV is such a devastating virus because ____________.

Antibodies function to bind and kill pathogens

For the successful development of a vaccine to be used against a pathogen, it is necessary that

A key part of the humoral immune response is

Activation of cytotoxic T cells requires binding to a MHC receptor on an antigen presenting cell.

Naturally acquired passive immunity results from the

An example of a pathogen that undergoes rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation is

Activation of helper T cells by an antigen will directly activate

Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction when

Environmental cues that influence the timing of reproduction usually directly affect hormone levels.

Which of the following patterns of reproduction are found only among invertebrate animals?

External fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization offers the advantage that

Chemical signals released into the environment that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called

Among human males, both semen and urine normally travel along the

The moment of orgasm is characterized by

If a man is born with a blockage in his vas deferens, he may experience

The primary function of the corpus luteum is to

The vulva consists of the following structures. Please select all that apply

These hormone levels surge during ovulation.

This male accessory gland secretes a clear mucus that neutralizes acidity in the urethra.

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

If gastrulation was blocked by an environmental toxin, then

During fertilization, the acrosomal contents

Fertilization normally

The vertebrate nervous system develops from the

Most of the neurons in the human brain are

The cell body of a neuron contains

Efferent neurons send information to the CNS.

In a simple synapse, neurotransmitter chemicals are released by

For a neuron with an initial membrane potential at -70 mV, an increase in the movement of potassium ions out of the cytoplasm would result in the

The "threshold" potential of a membrane is the

Action potentials move along axons

________ occurs when several inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) arrive at the axon hillock rapidly in sequence from a single dendritic location.

Receptors for neurotransmitters are of primary functional importance in assuring one-way synaptic transmission because they are mostly found on the

A lobster without a statocyst would not be able to

Raccoons are most active from dusk until dawn. What kinds of cells would you expect to find in the retina of a raccoon?

After earning an A in your biology course, your instructor gives you a firm handshake. You can feel the deep pressure of the handshake, and it is so strong it even starts to hurt a little. What type(s) of receptor was (were) activated by the handshake?

What type of neuron would be abundant in the white matter in the brain and the white matter in the spinal cord?

The system that modulates excitation and inhibition of the smooth and cardiac muscles of the digestive, cardiovascular, and excretory systems is the

Preparation for the "rest and digest" response includes activation of the ________ nervous system.

Afferent neuronal systems include the

This frontal lobe area is active when speech is generated

The bottlenose dolphin breathes air but can sleep in the ocean because it

These glial cells are responsible for laying down the myelin sheaths in the central nervous system

These glial cells are responsible for circulating cerebral spinal fluid.

What does troponin bind to during excitation of muscle contraction?

The "motor unit" in vertebrate skeletal muscle refers to

Muscle cells are stimulated by neurotransmitters released from the synaptic terminals of

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?

1. Tropomyosin moves and uncovers the cross-bridge binding sites.
2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles.

Animal communication involves what type(s) of sensory information?

Chimpanzees indicate to each other that there are threats nearby by raising their arms in the air. What type of communication signal is this?

Salmon are hatched in freshwater streams, and then they migrate to the ocean. When an adult salmon is ready to mate, it returns to the exact stream where it hatched. What term best applies to this behavior?

While on a field expedition in Ethiopia, you come across a group of baboons. After watching them for several days, you notice that one male baboon frequently mates with many different females. You also don't see any other males in the group. What type of mating system best describes these baboons?

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

In which form of locomotion is friction the greatest impediment to moving?

Cross fostering places the young from one species in the care of adults from another species

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?