The expected treatment of a pregnant woman with hyperemesis gravidarum is
intravenous therapy.
The patient reports persistent pelvic pain and urinary frequency and urgency. She says the pain improves when she empties her bladder. She does not have a fever and her repeated urinalyses over the past months have been normal, although she has a history of frequent bladder infections. She also has a history of fibromyalgia and hypothyroidism. Based on her history and complaints, her symptoms are characteristic of
interstitial cystitis.
A patient diagnosed with a micropenis must be evaluated for
endocrine disorders
In addition to renal colic pain, signs or symptoms of ureteral stones may frequently include
hematuria.
Which group is at the highest risk for urinary tract infection?
Sexually active women
Cervical cancer can be detected in the early, curable stage by the ________ test.
Papanicolaou
Hypotension is both a cause of chronic kidney disease and a result of chronic kidney disease.
False
Pelvic floor muscle training is appropriate for
urge incontinence.
It is true that fibrocystic breast disease
may be exacerbated by methylxanthines.
A patient has ureteral colic. The manifestation that requires immediate notification of the physician is
chills and fever.
The most common types of uterine tumors are known as
leiomyomas.
Vesicoureteral reflux is associated with
recurrent cystitis.
The most frequent initial symptom of bladder cancer is
hematuria.
The pathology report for a patient with penile cancer has this statement: The tumor involves the shaft of the penis. The cancer is at what stage?
Stage II
Erection requires the release of nitrous oxide into the corpus cavernosum during sexual stimulation.
True
The difference between stress incontinence and urge incontinence is that stress incontinence
is caused by a pelvic floor muscle problem, whereas urge incontinence is caused by a problem with the detrusor muscle.
The microorganism that causes the vast majority of urinary tract infections is
Escherichia coli.
Infection can lead to bladder stone formation.
True
Urinary retention with consistent or intermittent dribbling of urine is called
overflow incontinence.
The disorder characterized by a neurologic lesion that affects bladder control is
neurogenic bladder.
The most common agent resulting in nephrotoxicity and subsequent acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in hospitalized patients is
contrast media.
Which intervention has been found to retard the advancement of chronic kidney disease?
ACE inhibitors
One cause of an extrinsic renal system obstruction is
pelvic tumor.
In addition to E. coli, a risk factor for development of pyelonephritis is
urinary retention and reflux.
Signs consistent with a diagnosis of glomerulonephritis include
proteinuria.
The most common cause of ischemic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) in the United States is
sepsis.
The pathophysiologic basis of acute glomerulonephritis is
An immune complex reaction.
The individual at highest risk of pyelonephritis who requires monitoring for signs of its occurrence is the
man who has chronic urinary tract infections.
One of the most common causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is
ischemic conditions.
Renal insufficiency occurs when _____ of the nephrons are not functional.
75% to 90%
Individuals with end-stage chronic renal disease are at risk for renal osteodystrophy and spontaneous bone fractures, because
they are deficient in active vitamin D.
The most likely cause of anemia in a patient with end-stage renal disease is
insufficient erythropoietin.
The most common cause of intrinsic kidney injury is _____ injury.
tubular
A major modifiable risk factor for nephrolithiasis is
Dehydration.
Postrenal acute kidney injury may be caused by
bilateral kidney stones.
The condition associated with end-stage chronic renal disease that is the most immediately life threatening is
hyperkalemia
The most common direct cause of acute pyelonephritis is
infection by E. coli.
Which condition is caused by a genetic defect?
Polycystic kidney disease
Hyperlipidemia occurs in nephrotic syndrome because
hepatocytes synthesize excessive lipids.
Excessive vomiting in pregnant women is known as
hyperemesis gravidarum.
A 32-year-old female complaining of severe pain with menstruation and inability to participate in her routine household activities is likely experiencing
dysmenorrhea.
A ureterocele is
a cystic dilation of a ureter.
A patient injured severely in a motor vehicle accident is hospitalized with acute kidney injury as well as multiple broken bones and lacerations. When family members ask what is meant by the term ‘prerenal,’ the nurse responds
“Your husband’s kidney injury did not start in the kidney itself, but rather in the blood flow to the kidney.”
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) is caused by
absent or diminished levels of progesterone.
A progressive decrease in the force of the urinary stream, dribbling of urine, and difficulty initiating the urinary stream are characteristic of
prostatic enlargement.
A potential risk factor for breast cancer includes
early menarche and late first pregnancy.
Uterine prolapse is caused by a relaxation of the
cardinal ligaments.
The greatest risk factor for bladder cancer is
smoking.
Infection by ________ accounts for nearly half of all reported cases of vulvovaginitis.
Candida albicans
Prerenal acute kidney injury may be caused by
Severe hypotension.
Calcium oxylate stone formation is facilitated by
hypercalciuria.
The condition characterized by oliguria and hematuria is
acute glomerulonephritis.
The most likely cause of acidosis in a patient with end-stage renal disease is
insufficient metabolic acid excretion resulting from nephron loss.
The most common sign/symptom of renal calculi is
pain.
When a patient experiencing nephrotic syndrome asks, “What causes my urine to be so full of protein,” the nurse’s response is based on the knowledge that
the glomerular membrane has increased permeability.
The infection frequently associated with development of postinfectious acute glomerulonephritis is
throat infection.
The major cause of glomerulonephritis is
immune system damage to the glomeruli.
The urea-splitting bacteria contribute to the formation of ________ kidney stones.
struvite
Nephrotic syndrome involves loss of large amounts of ________ in the urine.
protein
The consequence of an upper urinary tract obstruction in a single ureter is
hydronephrosis.
A patient who reported a very painful sore throat 3 weeks ago is now diagnosed with acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. When asked, “Why is my urine the color of coffee?”, the nurse responds
“Your immune system was activated by your sore throat and has caused some damage in your kidneys that allows red blood cells to leak into the fluid that becomes urine and make it coffee-colored.”
A person with acute pyelonephritis would most typically experience
fever.
Absence of menstruation is called
amenorrhea.
A patient who has difficulty walking without assistance is incontinent of urine when help doesn’t get to her quickly enough. The term for this type of incontinence is
functional.
Detrusor muscle overactivity can be improved by administration of
botulinum toxin.
The HPV vaccine is recommended for 11- to 12-year-old girls, but can be administered to girls as young as _____ years of age
9
Sexual impotence is rarely because of
primary causes.
A 52-year-old female had a surgical procedure in which the breast, lymphatics, and underlying muscle were removed. The procedure performed was a
radical mastectomy.
What problem is a patient likely to experience in end-stage renal disease?
Uremia
The type of glomerulonephritis which is most likely to result in a swift decline in renal function that then progresses to acute kidney injury is
crescentic glomerulonephritis.
A common component of renal calculi is
calcium.
Gastrointestinal drainage, perioperative and postoperative hypotension, and hemorrhage may all contribute to renal failure by causing
acute tubular necrosis.
One of the most frequent causes of chronic kidney disease is
hypertension.
If acute tubular necrosis (ATN) does not resolve and continued tubular dysfunction ensues, the patient will then experience
polyuria and sodium wasting.
The risk for contrast media–induced acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is highest in
a 70-year-old patient with heart failure.
The main clinical manifestation of a kidney stone obstructing the ureter is
renal colic.
The most helpful laboratory value in monitoring the progression of declining renal function is
serum creatinine.
The pain that accompanies kidney disorders is called
nephralgia.
Phimosis is a disorder of the penis characterized by
inability to retract the foreskin.
The prognosis of penile carcinoma depends upon the stage of the disease.
True
The condition in which the urethra opens on the dorsal aspect of the penis is known as
epispadias.
The defining characteristic of severe acute kidney injury is
oliguria.
Treatment of a uterine prolapse may involve the insertion of a(n) ________ to hold the uterus in place.
pessary.
The majority of penile cancer cases are classified as basal cell carcinoma.
False
What reproductive tract disorder is most likely to be associated with urinary stress incontinence?
Cystocele
The normal post-void residual urine in the bladder is
less than 100 mL
Activation of parasympathetic nerves to the bladder will cause
bladder contraction.
The best intervention for acute kidney injury (AKI) is prevention.
True
Nephrotic syndrome does not usually cause
hematuria.
Glomerular disorders include
nephrotic syndrome.
Osteoporosis commonly occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease because of
hyperparathyroidism.
A patient with gouty arthritis develops renal calculi. The composition of these calculi is most likely to be
uric acid crystals.
The direct cause of stress incontinence is
pelvic muscle weakness.
In patients with polycystic kidney disease, renal failure is expected to progress over time as the cystic process destroys more nephrons. At what point will a patient reach end-stage renal disease?
Greater than 90% nephron loss
The organism most commonly associated with acute pyelonephritis is
Escherichia coli.
A change occurring in a pregnant woman that is indicative of a potential disorder is
increased urinary protein.
Cryptorchidism is
associated with an increased incidence of testicular cancer.
Findings that should prompt an evaluation for renal cancer include
hematuria.
It is true that polycystic kidney disease is
genetically transmitted.