The vast, integrated, continental U.S. market greatly enhanced the
American inclination toward
a) selling goods far away from
their point of manufacture.
b) specialized goods produced by
skilled labor.
c) government certification and regulation of
consumer products.
d) mass manufacturing of standardized
industrial products.
e) importing raw materials from overseas.
D
The major incentive that drove captains of industry to invent
machines was
a) lucrative government grants that were
offered to would-be inventors.
b) a chance to strike it rich via
technological innovation.
c) that machines would enable them to
replace expensive skilled workers with cheap unskilled
workers.
d) that machines could do the work five times faster
than humans did.
e) None of these
C
Which of the following was not among the technologies invented or
improved by Thomas A. Edison?
a) The electric light
bulb
b) The phonograph
c) The mimeograph
d) The
electric dynamo
e) The motion picture
D
John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his
domination of the oil industry except
a) employing
spies.
b) extorting rebates from railroads.
c) using
federal agents to break his competitors.
d) pursuing a policy of
rule or ruin.
e) using high-pressure sales methods.
C
The South's major attraction for potential investors was
a) readily available raw materials.
b) a warm
climate.
c) good transportation.
d) cheap labor.
e)
ethnic diversity.
D
The largest southern-based monopolistic corporation was the one
founded by James Duke to produce
a) steel.
b)
oil.
c) textiles.
d) cigarettes.
e) Coca-Cola.
D
The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented a(n)
a) revival of the early American feminine ideal of republican
motherhood.
b) portrayal of the modern corporate business
woman.
c) exploitative image of the woman as a sex
object.
d) romantic ideal of the independent and athletic new
woman.
e) sentimental image of a woman as mother.
D
Much of the investment funds that enabled America to industrialize in
the late nineteenth century came from
a) surplus wealth
generated by agriculture.
b) the state governments.
c)
private foreign investors.
d) individual Americans'
savings.
e) the sale of confiscated Confederate land and property.
C
The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was
the
a) New York Central.
b) Northern Pacific.
c)
Union Pacific.
d) Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe.
e) Great Northern.
E
The greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental railroad
network was that it
a) spread the U.S. population across
the whole continent.
b) enabled people from farms and small towns
to visit the big cities.
c) united the nation into a single,
integrated national market.
d) made it possible for some
immigrants to settle in the West.
e) developed a skilled
industrial workforce.
C
The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing
industrialization of the post-Civil War years was
a)
agriculture.
b) mining.
c) the steel industry.
d)
electric power.
e) the railroad network.
E
Which of the following was not among the technological improvements
that made the modern transcontinental railroad network possible?
a) Steel rails
b) Air brakes
c) Standard gauge
tracks
d) The block signal
e) The caboose
E
The two industries that the transcontinental railroads most
significantly expanded were
a) textiles and
shoemaking.
b) mining and agriculture.
c) banking and real
estate.
d) shipping and fishing.
e) electricity and telecommunications.
B
Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a
given area and share the profits were called
a)
pools.
b) trusts.
c) rebates.
d) interlocking
directorates.
e) holding companies
A
Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption
practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?
a) Bribing
judges and state legislatures
b) Forcing their employees to buy
railroad company stock
c) Providing free railroad passes to
journalists and politicians
d) Watering railroad stocks and bonds
in order to sell them at inflated prices
e) Receiving kickbacks
from powerful shippers
B
In the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v.
Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court held that state legislatures could
not regulate railroads because
a) the U.S. Constitution
did not permit the government to regulate private industry.
b)
the state legislatures were acting on behalf of a private interest,
Illinois farmers.
c) the Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad
was incorporated in Missouri, not Illinois.
d) railroad
executives had committed no illegal acts in their business.
e)
railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any
single state.
E
The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public
interest from business combinations was the
a) Federal
Trade Commission.
b) Interstate Commerce Commission.
c)
Consumer Affairs Commission.
d) Federal Anti-Trust
Commission.
e) Federal Communications Commission.
B
When Europeans owned or invested in private companies in the United
States, they generally
a) appointed European managers to
key positions in the company.
b) let Americans manage the
business unless there was an economic crisis.
c) made American
banks issue regular reports on the profitability of their
companies.
d) steered most of the profits back into European
investments.
e) insisted that the companies hire a portion of
immigrants from the nation owning the company.
B
The single largest source of a critical raw material that fueled
early American industrialization was the
a) copper mines
of Montana and Arizona.
b) oil wells of Oklahoma and
Texas.
c) lead mines of Wisconsin.
d) coal mines of Kansas
and Nebraska.
e) Mesabi iron range of Minnesota
E
Which of the following was not among the critical U.S. raw materials,
delivered by railroads to factories, that fueled early American
industrialization?
a) Rubber
b) Iron
c)
Coal
d) Copper
e) Oil
A
The American system of mass manufacture of standardized,
interchangeable parts provided strong incentives for U.S. capitalists
to
a) invest in training for their workforce.
b) hire
American workers rather than foreign immigrants.
c) replace
skilled labor with machinery.
d) build extremely large factories
in dedicated industrial districts.
e) pay higher wages to retain
a steady workforce.
C
Andrew Carnegie's system of vertical integration
a)
combined all facets of an industry, from raw material to final
product, within a single company.
b) created an industrial
association through which member companies could wield much
power.
c) embraced the notion of buying up competitors and
forming a monopoly interest.
d) required smaller competitors to
agree to standardized rates set by larger firms.
e) None of these
A
The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of
a) Jay Gould.
b) Henry Bessemer.
c) John P.
Altgeld.
d) Thomas Edison.
e) Alexander Graham Bell.
B
To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the
Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of
ex-slaves, so as to
a) help freedmen to work in
factories.
b) incorporate big businesses.
c) allow the
captains of industry to avoid paying taxes.
d) avoid corporate
regulation by the states.
e) protect the civil rights of business people.
D
Many southerners saw employment in the textile mills as
a) high-wage positions.
b) unacceptable.
c) a poor
alternative to farming.
d) institutions that broke up
families.
e) the only steady jobs and wages available.
E
In the textiles mills of the industrializing South, all of the
following are true statements except
a) rural black and
white southerners landed plumb jobs in the new mills.
b) entire
families worked long hours in the mills.
c) most workers were
paid half the rate received by northern workers for the same
tasks.
d) payment was typically made in credit to the company
store.
e) workers were called "hillbillies" or
"lintheads" by employers.
A
Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century,
industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following
except
a) economic swings and depressions.
b)
employers' whims.
c) new educational requirements for
jobs.
d) sudden unemployment.
e) illness and accident.
C
By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the
public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively
and strike. Nevertheless
a) labor unions continued to
decline in membership.
b) the American Federation of Labor
failed to take advantage of the situation.
c) the vast majority
of employers continued to fight organized labor.
d) Congress
declared the AFL illegal.
e) workers began to turn to the
Socialist party.
C
The people who found fault with the captains of industry mostly
argued that these men
a) had no real business
ability.
b) built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting
workers.
c) tried to take the United States back to an earlier
age of aristocracy.
d) were environmentally insensitive.
e)
slowed technological advances.
B
The United States changed to standard time zones when
a)
Congress passed a law establishing this system.
b) the major rail
lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and
avoid wrecks.
c) factories demanded standard time
schedules.
d) long-distance telephones required standard time
coordination.
e) All of these
B
Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad
corporations first came in the form of action by
a)
Congress.
b) the Supreme Court.
c) private lawsuits charging
unfair competition.
d) President Cleveland.
e) state legislatures.
E
Among the countries that provided the largest amounts of foreign
capital investment in American industry were
a) Sweden,
Denmark, and Norway.
b) Italy, Spain, and Greece.
c)
Argentina, Brazil, and Chile.
d) Britain, France, and the
Netherlands.
e) Canada and Mexico.
D
Two technological innovations that greatly expanded the industrial
employment of women in the late nineteenth century were the
a) typewriter and the telephone.
b) electric light and the
phonograph.
c) Bessemer steel process and the internal combustion
engine.
d) streetcar and the bicycle.
e) electric
refrigerator and stove.
A
One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased
their profits was
a) increased competition.
b)
supporting a centrally planned economy.
c) funding research on
new technologies.
d) elimination of the tactic of vertical
integration.
e) elimination of as much competition as possible.
E
John D. Rockefeller's organizational technique of horizontal
integration involved
a) franchising Standard Oil gasoline
stations to independent operators.
b) controlling all phases of
the oil industry from drilling to commercial retailing.
c)
creating standardized job assignments and fixed production and sales
quotas for all employees.
d) forcing small competitors to assign
stock to Standard oil or lose their business.
e) developing
multiple uses for oil in transportation, lighting, and industry.
D
J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on
the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to
control. This method was known as a(n)
a) interlocking
directorates
b) trust.
c) vertical integration.
d)
pool.
e) holding company.
A
America's first billion-dollar corporation was
a) General
Electric (GE).
b) Standard Oil.
c) American Telephone and
Telegraph (AT&T).
d) The Union Pacific Railroad.
e)
United States Steel.
E
The first major product of the oil industry was
a)
kerosene.
b) gasoline.
c) lighter fluid.
d) natural
gas.
e) heating oil.
A
The oil industry became a huge business
a) with the
building of kerosene-fueled electric generators.
b) when the
federal government granted a monopoly to Standard Oil.
c) with
the invention of the internal combustion engine.
d) when diesel
engines were perfected
e) when oil was discovered in Texas.
C
The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie
a) based its theology on the teachings of Jesus.
b) held
that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of
their God-given money.
c) stimulated efforts to help
minorities.
d) was opposed by most late nineteenth century
clergymen.
e) asserted that the more people prayed the better off
they would become.
B
Although they were commonly called "Social Darwinists,"
advocates of economic, national, or racial "survival of the
fittest" ideas actually drew less on biologist Charles Darwin
than on
a) British laissez-faire economists like Thomas
Malthus and David Ricardo.
b) German philosophers like G.W.F.
Hegel and Friedrich Nietzsche.
c) American literary figures like
Jack London and Theodore Dreiser.
d) European scientists like
Gregor Mendel and Louis Pasteur.
e) racist theorists like Arthur
Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain.
A
Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest,"
like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, argued that
a) only a few large corporations were fit to survive in the
industrial jungle.
b) society owed a basic standard of living to
even its weakest members.
c) there should be eugenic biological
breeding to produce a superior human race.
d) fitness to survive
and thrive could be proven through physical competition.
e) the
wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater
abilities than the poor.
E
The ____ Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when
defending themselves against regulation by state governments.
a) Fifth
b) Fourteenth
c) Fifteenth
d)
Sixteenth
e) Seventeenth
B
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act prohibited
a) companies from
signing contracts without competitive bidding.
b) the federal
government from favoring one business corporation over
another.
c) the same corporation from doing business under
different names.
d) private corporations or organizations from
engaging in "combinations in restraint of trade."
e)
competing companies from having interlocking corporate boards of directors.
D
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the
power of
a) manufacturing corporations.
b) labor
unions.
c) state legislatures.
d) railroad
corporations.
e) banking syndicates.
D
During the age of industrialization, the South
a) took
full advantage of the new economic trends.
b) received
preferential treatment from the railroads.
c) turned away from
agriculture.
d) held to its Old South ideology.
e) remained
overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
E
In the late nineteenth century, tax and other benefits especially
attracted ____ manufacturing to the new South.
a)
textile
b) steel
c) machine tool
d) electrical
appliance
e) farm equipment
A
One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in
the lives of workers was
a) their movement to the
suburbs.
b) the need for them to adjust their lives to the time
clock.
c) the opportunity to relearn the ideals of Thomas
Jefferson.
d) the narrowing of class divisions.
e) the
encounter with other races.
B
The group whose lives were most dramatically altered by the new
industrial age was
a) Native Americans.
b) African
Americans.
c) women.
d) southerners.
e) small town residents.
C
Most women workers of the 1890s worked for
a)
independence.
b) glamour.
c) economic necessity.
d)
retirement savings.
e) personal spending money
C
127. Women were drawn into industry by
a) the promise of
wages on par with those of men.
b) inventions like the typewriter
and telephone switchboard.
c) economic downturns, which hit rural
families hardest.
d) the lure of city life.
e) All of these
B
Reformers' efforts to raise public awareness about the hazards of
child labor
a) made progress with the help of
photography.
b) pertained only to native born children.
c)
were focused primarily on the plight of new immigrants.
d)
focused on blacklisting the most abusive companies.
e) None of these
A
Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century
interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor
a)
labor unions.
b) corporations.
c) state regulatory
agencies.
d) individual entrepreneurs.
e) independent
workers and craftsmen.
B
In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National Labor Union
won
a) an eight-hour day for all workers.
b)
government arbitration for industrial disputes.
c) equal pay for
women.
d) an eight-hour day for government workers.
e) the
right to collective bargaining.
D
One group, barred from membership in the Knights of Labor, was
a) African Americans.
b) nonproducers.
c)
women.
d) Irish.
e) social reformers.
B
The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and
institutions could be preserved from corrupt monopolies
a)
when American workers achieved a greater degree of class
consciousness.
b) by strengthening the economic and political
independence of the workers.
c) through the destruction of the
American Federation of Labor.
d) by the development of strong
craft unions.
e) by forming an independent political movement.
B
One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was its
a) racial exclusiveness.
b) support of skilled
workers.
c) failure to admit women to its ranks.
d)
abandonment of the concept of independent producers.
e) lack of
class consciousness
E
The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil
War period was the
a) National Labor Union.
b)
Knights of Labor.
c) American Federation of Labor.
d)
Knights of Columbus.
e) Congress of Industrial Organizations.
C
Even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism,
generally concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful
force in the United States because
a) most employers tried
to treat their workers well.
b) few Europeans brought their
political philosophies to the United States.
c) the captains of
industry did not allow protest to take root.
d) many Americans
inherited fortunes.
e) America has greater social mobility than
Europe has.
E
All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War
industrial expansion except
a) a large pool of unskilled
labor.
b) an abundance of natural resources.
c) American
ingenuity and inventiveness.
d) immigration restrictions.
e)
a political climate favoring business.
D
Private railroad companies built the transcontinental rail lines by raising their own capital funds without the assistance of the federal government.
a) True
b) False
False
The railroads created an integrated national market, stimulated the growth in cities, and encouraged European immigration.
a) True
b) False
True
Railroad owners were generally fair and honest in their dealings with shippers, the government, and the public.
a) True
b) False
False
The early, weak federal efforts at railroad regulation did bring some order and stability to industrial competition.
a) True
b) False
True
The Rockefeller oil company's technique of "horizontal integration" involved combining into one organization all the phases of manufacturing from the raw material to the customer.
a) True
b) False
False
Rockefeller, Morgan, and others organized monopolistic trusts and "interlocking directorates" in order to consolidate business and eliminate cutthroat competition.
a) True
b) False
True
Corporations effectively used the Fourteenth Amendment and sympathetic court rulings to prevent much effective government regulation of their activities.
a) True
b) False
True
The pro-industry ideology of the "New South" enabled that region to make rapid economic gains by 1900.
a) True
b) False
False
Two new inventions that brought large numbers of women into the workplace were the typewriter and the telephone.
a) True
b) False
True
Industrialization generally gave the industrial wage earner greater status and control over his or her own life.
a) True
b) False
False
The impact of new machines and mass immigration held down wages and gave employers advantages in their dealings with labor.
a) True
b) False
True
The Knights of Labor organized skilled and unskilled workers, blacks and whites, women and men.
a) True
b) False
True
The Knights of Labor were severely hurt by the Haymarket Square episode, even though they had no connection with the bombing.
a) True
b) False
True
The American Federation of Labor tried hard but failed to organize unskilled workers, women, and blacks.
a) True
b) False
False
The federal government contributed to the building of the national
rail network by
a) importing substantial numbers of
Chinese immigrants to build the railroads
b) providing free
grants of federal land to the railroad companies
c) building and
operating the first transcontinental rail lines.
d) transporting
the mail and other federal shipments over the rail lines.
B
The most efficient and public-minded of the early railroad-building
industrialists was
a) Collis P. Huntington
b) Leland
Stanford
c) Cornelius Vanderbilt
d) James J. Hill
D
The railroad most significantly stimulated American industrialization
by
a) opening up the West to settlement
b) creating a
single national market for raw materials and consumer goods
c)
eliminating the inefficient canal system
d) inspiring greater
federal investment in technical research and development
B
The railroad barons aroused considerable public opposition by
practices such as
a) forcing Indians off their traditional
hunting grounds
b) refusing to pay their employees decent
wages
c) refusing to build railroad lines in less settled
areas
d) stock watering and bribery of public officials
D
The first important federal law aimed at regulating American industry
was
a) the Federal Communications Act
b) the Pure
Food and Drug Act
c) the Interstate Commerce Act
d) the
Federal Trade Commission
C
Financier J. P. Morgan exercised his economic power most effectively
by
a) developing "horizontal integration" in the
oil industry
b) lending money to the federal government
c)
consolidating rival industries through "interlocking
directorates"
d) serving as the middleman between American
industrialists and foreign governments
C
Andrew Carnegie's industrial system of "vertical
integration" involved
a) the construction of large,
vertical steel factories in Pittsburgh and elsewhere
b) the
cooperation between manufacturers like Andrew Carnegie and financiers
like J.P. Morgan
c) the integration of diverse immigrant ethnic
groups into the steel industry labor force.
d) the combination of
all phases of the steel industry from mining to manufacturing into a
single organization
D
The large trusts like Standard Oil and Swift and Armour justified
their economic domination of their industries by claiming that
a) they were fundamentally concerned with serving the public
interest over private profit
b) only large-scale methods of
production and distribution could provide superior products at low
prices
c) competition among many small firms was contrary to the
law of economics
d) only large American corporations could
compete with huge British and German international companies
B
The oil industry first thrived in the late 1880s by producing
a) natural gas and heating oil for home heating purposes
b)
kerosene for oil lamps
c) gasoline for automobiles
d)
heavy-duty diesel fuel for the railroads and industry
B
Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" proclaimed that
a) wealth was God's reward for hard work, while poverty resulted
from laziness and immorality
b) churches needed to take a
stronger stand on the economic issues of the day
c) faith in
capitalist and progress should take the place once reserved for
religion
d) those who acquired great wealth were morally
responsible to use it for the public good
D
The attempt to create an industrialized "New South" in the
late nineteenth century generally failed because
a) the
South was discriminated against and held down as a supplier of raw
materials to northern industry
b) southerners were too bitter at
the Union to pursue national goals
c) continued political
violence made the South an unattractive place for investment
d)
there was little demand for southern products like textiles and cigarettes.
A
For American workers, industrialization generally meant
a) a steady, long-term decline in wages and the standard of
living
b) an opportunity to create small businesses that might
eventually produce large profits
c) a long-term rise in the
standard of living but a loss of independence and control of
work
d) a stronger sense of identification with their jobs and employers
C
In contrast to the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor
advocated
a) uniting both skilled and unskilled workers
into a single large union
b) concentrating on improving wages and
hours and avoiding general social reform
c) working for black and
female labor interests as well as those of white men
d) using
secrecy and violence against employers.
B