When private railroad promoters asked the United States government
for subsidies to build their railroads, they gave all of the following
reasons for their request except that it was
a. too risky without
government help.
b. too costly without government help.
c.
too costly to move people in some areas without government
help.
d. too unprofitable in some areas without government
help.
e. impossible to serve military and postal needs without
government help.
C
During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons
a. rejected
government assistance.
b. built their railroads with government
assistance.
c. relied exclusively on Chinese labor.
d.
refused to get involved in politics.
e. focused on public service.
B
The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad
construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad
corporations with
a. cash grants from new taxes.
b. land
grants.
c. cash grants from higher tariffs.
d. reduced
prices for iron and steel.
e. aid for construction of railroad stations.
B
Match each railroad company below with the correct
entrepreneur.
A. James J. Hill 1. Central Pacific
B.
Cornelius Vanderbilt 2. New York Central
C. Leland Stanford 3.
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
4. Great Northern
a.
A-4, B-2, C-1
b. A-3, B-4, C-2
c. A-2, B-1, C-3
d.
A-4, B-3, C-1
e. A-1, B-3, C-4
A
The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was
the
a. New York Central.
b. Northern Pacific.
c. Union
Pacific.
d. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe.
e. Great Northern
E
One by-product of the development of the railroads was
a. a
scattering of the U.S. population.
b. fewer big cities.
c.
the movement of people to cities.
d. a reduction in immigration
to the United States.
e. a loss of population in the East.
C
The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing
industrialization of the
post-Civil War years was
a.
agriculture.
b. mining.
c. the steel industry.
d.
electric power.
e. the railroad network.
E
The United States changed to standard time zones when
a.
Congress passed a law establishing this system.
b. the major rail
lines decreed the division of the continent into four time zones so
that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks.
c. factories
demanded standard time schedules.
d. long-distance telephones
required standard time coordination.
e. all of the above.
B
Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a
given area and share the profits were called
a. pools.
b.
trusts.
c. rebates.
d. interlocking directorates.
e.
holding companies.
A
Early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to
a.
increase competition by establishing more companies.
b. water
their stock.
c. divide business in a particular area and share
profits.
d. choose the best workers.
e. avoid wasteful competition
C
Efforts to regulate the monopolizing practices of railroad
corporations first came in the form of action by
a.
Congress.
b. the Supreme Court.
c. private lawsuits.
d.
President Cleveland.
e. state legislatures.
B
The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public
interest from business combinations was the
a. Federal Trade
Commission.
b. Interstate Commerce Commission.
c. Consumer
Affairs Commission.
d. Federal Anti-Trust Commission.
e.
Federal Communications Commission.
B
One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act
was that it
a. revolutionized the business system.
b.
represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to
regulate business.
c. actually did nothing to control the abuses
of big business.
d. failed to prohibit some of the worst abuses
of big business, such as pools and rebates.
e. invoked the
Constitution's interstate commerce clause.
B
After the Civil War, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the
United States
a. helped to build the nation into an industrial
giant.
b. was not a significant force, because industrialization
required skilled workers.
c. came almost exclusively from rural
America.
d. increasingly found work in agriculture.
e. was
almost entirely native born.
A
One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased
their profits was
a. increased competition.
b. support for
the idea of a centrally planned economy.
c. funding research on
new technologies.
d. elimination of the tactic of vertical
integration.
e. elimination of as much competition as possible.
A
Match each entrepreneur below with the form of business combination
with which he is historically identified.
A. Andrew Carnegie 1.
interlocking directorate
B. John D. Rockefeller 2. trust
C.
J. Pierpont Morgan 3. vertical integration
4. pool
a. A-2, B-4, C-1
b. A-3, B-2, C-4
c. A-3, B-2,
C-1
d. A-1, B-3, C-2
e. A-4, B-1, C-3
C
Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which
he is historically identified.
A. Andrew Carnegie 1.
steel
B. John D. Rockefeller 2. oil
C. J. Pierpont Morgan 3.
tobacco
D. James Duke 4. banking
a. A-1, B-3, C-2,
D-4
b. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
c. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
d.
A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
e. A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
D
The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of
a. Jay
Gould.
b. Henry Bessemer.
c. John P. Altgeld.
d. Thomas
Edison.
e. Henry Clay Frick.
B
J.P. Morgan monitored his competition by placing officers of his bank
on the boards of companies that he wanted to control. This method was
known as a(n)
a. interlocking dictorate.
b. trust.
c.
vertical integration.
d. pool.
e. holding company.
A
America's first billion-dollar corporation was
a. General
Electric (GE).
b. Standard Oil.
c. American Telephone and
Telegraph (AT&T).
d. The Union Pacific Railroad.
e.
United States Steel.
E
The first major product of the oil industry was
a.
kerosene.
b. gasoline.
c. lighter fluid.
d. natural
gas.
e. heating oil.
A
The oil industry became a huge business
a. with the building of
electric generator plants.
b. when it was taken over by the
government.
c. with the invention of the internal combustion
engine.
d. when diesel engines were perfected.
e. when oil
was discovered in Texas.
C
John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve
success in the oil industry except
a. employing spies.
b.
extorting rebates from railroads.
c. showing mercy to his
competitors.
d. pursuing a policy of rule or ruin.
e. using
high-pressure sales methods.
C
The gospel of wealth, which associated godliness with wealth,
a.
relied on the sayings of Jesus.
b. inspired the wealthy to try to
help the poor.
c. stimulated efforts to help minorities.
d.
was opposed by most clergymen.
e. discouraged efforts to help the poor.
B
To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the
Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of
ex-slaves, so as to
a. help freedmen to work in
factories.
b. incorporate big businesses.
c. allow the
captains of industry to avoid paying taxes.
d. avoid corporate
regulation by the states.
e. protect the civil rights of business people.
D
The ___ Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when
defending themselves against regulation by state governments.
a.
Fifth
b. Fourteenth
c. Fifteenth
d. Sixteenth
e. Seventeenth
B
The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was at first primarily used to curb the
power of
a. manufacturing corporations.
b. labor
unions.
c. state legislatures.
d. railroad
corporations.
e. banking syndicates.
D
During the age of industrialization, the South
a. took full
advantage of the new economic trends.
b. received preferential
treatment from the railroads.
c. turned away from
agriculture.
d. held to its "Old South"
ideology.
e. remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural.
E
The South's major attraction for potential investors was
a.
readily available raw materials.
b. a warm climate.
c. good
transportation.
d. cheap labor.
e. ethnic diversity.
D
In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion
labor attracted manufacturing to the "new South."
a.
textile
b. steel
c. machine tool
d. electrical
appliance
e. farm equipment
A
Many Southerners saw employment in the textile mills as
a.
high-wage positions.
b. unacceptable.
c. a poor alternative
to farming.
d. institutions that broke up families.
e.
salvation, since the jobs and wages were steady.
E
One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in
the lives of workers was
a. their movement to the
suburbs.
b. the need for them to adjust their lives to the time
clock.
c. the opportunity to relearn the ideals of Thomas
Jefferson.
d. the narrowing of class divisions.
e. the
encounter with other races.
B
The group most affected by the new industrial age was
a. Native
Americans.
b. African-Americans.
c. women.
d.
southerners.
e. small town residents
C
To provide workers with job security, reformers wanted to introduce
all of the following except
a. job protection.
b. wage
protection.
c. establishment of a workers' political
party.
d. temporary unemployment compensation.
e. safety and
health codes.
C
The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented
a. a
revival of the colonial feminine ideal.
b. a portrayal of the
modern corporate business woman.
c. an exploitive image of a
woman as a sex object.
d. an independent and athletic "new
woman."
e. a sentimental image of a woman as mother.
D
Most women workers of the 1890s worked for
a.
independence.
b. glamour.
c. economic necessity.
d. the
service sector.
e. personal spending money.
C
Which one of the following is least like the other three?
a.
closed shop
b. lockout
c. yellow dog contract
d.
blacklist
e. company town
A
Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century
interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor
a. labor
unions.
b. corporations.
c. state regulatory
agencies.
d. individual entrepreneurs.
e. independent
workers and craftsmen
B
Match each labor organization below with the correct
description.
A. National Labor Union 1. the "one big
union" that championed arbitration
B. Knights of Labor
C. American Federation of Labor
2. a social-reform union
killed by the depression of the 1870s
3. an association of unions
pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working
conditions
a. A-3, B-1, C-2
b. A-3, B-2, C-1
c.
A-1, B-2, C-3
d. A-1, B-3, C-2
e. A-2, B-1, C-3
E
In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National labor Union
won
a. an eight-hour day for all workers.
b. government
arbitration for industrial disputes.
c. equal pay for
women.
d. an eight-hour day for government workers.
e. the
right to collective bargaining.
A
One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was
a.
African-Americans.
b. Chinese.
c. women.
d.
Irish.
e. social reformers.
B
The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor
would disappear when
a. the government owned the means of
production.
b. labor controlled the government.
c. workers
accepted the concept of craft unions.
d. business would
understand the principles of social justice.
e. labor would own
and operate businesses and industries.
E
The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and
institutions
could be preserved from corrupt monopolists
a.
when Republicans were removed from office.
b. by strengthening
the economic and political independence of the workers.
c.
through the destruction of the American Federation of Labor.
d.
by the development of strong craft unions.
e. by forming an
independent political movement.
B
One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was its
a.
racial exclusiveness.
b. support of skilled workers.
c.
failure to admit women to its ranks.
d. abandonment of the
concept of independent producers.
e. lack of class consciousness.
E
The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil
War period was the
a. National Labor Union.
b. Knights of
Labor.
c. American Federation of Labor.
d. Knights of
Columbus.
e. Congress of Industrial Organizations.
C
By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the
public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively
and strike. Nevertheless,
a. labor unions continued to decline in
membership.
b. the American Federation of Labor failed to take
advantage of the situation.
c. the vast majority of employers
continued to fight organized labor.
d. Congress declared the AFL
illegal.
e. workers began to turn to the Socialist Party.
C
By 1900, organized labor in America
a. had temporarily ceased to
exist.
b. had enrolled nearly half of the industrial labor
force.
c. was accepted by the majority of employers as a
permanent part of the new industrial economy.
d. had begun to
develop a positive image with the public.
e. relied heavily on
the National Labor Relations Board.
D
Some people who found fault with the captains of industry argued that
these men
a. were basically socialists.
b. diminished the
workers' quality of life.
c. tried to take the United States back
to its old values.
d. failed to develop the industrial system
quickly.
e. retarded technological advances.
B
Historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism
concede that
class-based protest has never been a powerful force
in the United States because
a. most employers tried to treat
their workers well.
b. few Europeans brought their political
philosophies to the United States.
c. the captains of industry
did not allow protest to take root.
d. many Americans inherited
fortunes.
e. America has greater social mobility than Europe has
E
All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War
industrial
expansion except
a. a large pool of unskilled
labor.
b. an abundance of natural resources.
c. American
ingenuity and inventiveness.
d. immigration restrictions.
e.
a political climate favoring business.
D
What was the most important factor that drew rural people off farms
and into the big cities during the period 1865-1900?
(a) An
agricultural system that was suffering from poor production
levels
(b) The lure of cultural excitement
(c) The
availability of industrial jobs
(d) The advent of new housing
structures such as dumbbell tenements
(e) The compact and dense
nature of those urban communities
C
What occurrence directly spurred the abandonment of wood construction
for brick and steel in the downtown districts of most American
cities?
(a) The development of the electric elevator and
skyscraper
(b) the collapse of numerous wooden tenements in New
York City during the 1800s
(c) Cheaper brick-making and the
replacement of iron by more durable steel for construction
purposes
(d) The great Chicago fire of 1871
(e) The
changing preference of architects such as Louis Sullivan toward
designing steel and brick structures
D
All of the following characterized the new immigrants who came to the
United States from 1880 to 1990 EXCEPT
(a) some New Immigrants
emigrated ins response to violent religious persecutions organized by
government officials and carried out by their countrymen
(b) they
were subjected to discrimination and violence by nativist Americans
because they practiced different religions and some were politically
radical
(c) they were culturally different from previous
immigrants to America
(d) they attempted to preserve their Old
Country culture in America
(e) they made substantial efforts to
convert Americans to Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, or Judaism
A
What vital function did big-city political bosses and their machines
perform in managing the social and economic demands of the new urban
environment?
(a) They successfully lobbied state governments to
pass political ethics reform legislation to clean up the electoral
process in cities
(b) They successfully leveraged grant money
from the federal government to meet the social and economic needs of
urban immigrants
(c) In exchange for political support, they
provided many urban immigrants with jobs and social services that
permitted these New Immigrants to raise a family, earn a livelihood
and escape abject poverty
(d) They successfully lobbied state
governments to provide public funds to build an extensive social
services network and public housing
C
All of the following characterized the settlement-house movement led
by leaders like Jane Addams, Lillian Wald, and Florence Kelley EXCEPT
that it
(a) was led mostly by middle-class, reform minded women
and centered in poor immigrant neighborhoods of the city
(b)
became a forerunner for the new profession of social work
(c)
was motivated by the concern that the New Immigrants from eastern and
southern Europe required basic education, child-rearing assistance,
and learning American culture in order to assimilate
successfully
(d) advocated on behalf of social reforms like
antisweatshop and child-labor laws
(e) studiously avoided
becoming involved in international efforts to advance worldwide peace
and condemn war
E
In the 1890s, which group of women had nearly exclusive hold on
available white-collar positions as secretaries, department store
clerks, and telephone operators?
(a) Jewish women
(b)
College-educated women
(c) African American women
(d)
Native-born women
(e) Irish American women
D
Which of the following was NOT a reason that many labor unions
favored government-imposed restrictions on immigration?
(a) Union
leaders were fearful of some immigrants' embrace of socialism,
communism, or anarchism
(b) Immigrants were used by companies as
strikebreakers
(c) Immigrants were often willing to work for
lower wages and in dangerous working conditions
(d) Immigrants
were sometimes difficult to unionize because of language
barriers
(e) Immigrants were not willing or able to work in
factory environments
A
Which of the following represents the best example of liberal
Protestantism's effort to accommodate religion to modern scientific
theories such as Darwinism?
(a) Attempting to demonstrate the
scientific superiority of the religious beliefs of Protestantism over
those of Catholicism and Judaism
(b) Utilizing Darwinism as an
intellectual argument against the effort by liberal Protestant women
to become members of the clergy
(c) Attempting to prove that the
prayerful dogma of Christian Scientists like Mary Baker Eddy was
rooted in scientific fact
(d) Proclaiming that Darwinism was an
updated, authentic, and grander revelation of the ways of God
(e)
Linking liberal Protestantism to theories of racial superiority and
imperialistic survival-of-the-fittest political dogma
D
Which were the two major sources of funding for the powerful new
American research universities?
(a) Churches and numerous private
individual donors
(b) State land grants and wealthy
philanthropic industrialists
(c) Tuition paid by undergraduates
and fees charged by those served by the universities
(d) The
federal governemnt and local communities
(e) Income from
successful patents and corporate research grants
B
What was the most important reason why Americans offered increasing
support for the establishment of a free public education
system?
(a) Because Americans accepted the idea that a free
government and a republic cannot function effectively without educated
citizens
(b) Because private schools began to fold as a result of
difficult economic circumstances
(c) To utilize public schools to
identify an intellectual elite
(d) The decline of the Chautauqua
movement
(e) To combat the growing stregnth and influence of
Catholic parochial schools
A
Which statement best reflects the different approaches of Booker T.
Washington and W.E.B. Dubois toward black education?
(a) W.E.B.
Dubois advocated that African Americans concentrate on manual labor
and technical education, while Booker T. Washington emphasized African
American access to higher education
(b) Booker T. Washington
emphasized education for political action, while W.E.B. Dubois
believed that black education should focus on industrial and technical
education
(c) W.E.B. Dubois advocated developing separate black
colleges and universities, while Booker T. Washington believed that
securing access to traditionally white colleges and universities was
critical to African American progress
(d) W.E.B. Dubois believed
that African Americans should develop a talented tenth, while Booker
T. Washington emphasized manual labor
D
How did American newspaper publisher expand their circulation and
attract public attention in the late nineteenth century?
(a)
Crusading for social reforms
(b) Printing hard-hitting
editorials about the plight of poor immigrants in the city
(c)
Repudiating the tactics of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph
Hearst
(d) Focusing on coverage of local community issues and
avoiding yellow journalism
(e) Printing sensationalist stories of
corruption and scandal
E
What development prompted American novelists' turn from romanticism
and transcendentalism to rugged social realism?
A ) The growing prominence of women writers
B) The
influence of American literature
C) The materialism and conflicts of the new industrial society
D) A higher educational level of the readers
E) The
heightened awareness of racial problems
C
By 1900, a new generation of woman suffrage advocates emphasized all
of the following EXCEPT
(a) linking the vote to nontraditional
female family roles such as assuming primary wage-earning
responsibilities in the household
(b) following a stat-by-state
political strategy to create political momentum on behalf of gaining
unrestricted suffrage
(c) the need for women living in the cities
to have political influence on boards of public health, police
commissions, and school boards
(d) forming strong alliances with
African Americans seeking voting rights
(e) the desirability of
giving women the vote in order to extend their roles as mothers and
homemakers to the public world
A