Anatomy & Physiology: Anatomy and Physiology 7-9 Flashcards

vertebral column

supports trunk of body

forms the vertical axis of the body

a parietal bone

occipital bone

has the foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, and foramen spinosum

air-filled spaces found within the frontal, maxilla, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones only

sella turcica

hypoglossal canal, which is located in the posterior cranial fossa

seven vertebrae

are remnants of the original fetal curvature

lamina that spans between the transverse process and spinous process

a short, rounded spinous process

nuchal ligaments

has the sternal angle located between the manubrium and body

junction between the manubrium and body

is for articulation with the transverse process of a thoracic vertebra

attached via their costal cartilage directly to the sternum

endochondral ossification, which forms the ribs and sternum

is the area of fibrous connective tissue found at birth between the brain case bones

The axial skeleton- forms the vertebral axis of the body and includes the bones of the head, neck, back, and chest of the body. it consists of 80 bones that include the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

the appendicular skeleton- consists of 126 bones and includes all bones of the upper and lower limbs.

The coronal suture passes across the top of the anterior skull. It unites the frontal bone anteriorly with the right and left parietal bones. The sagittal suture runs at the midline on the top of the skull. It unites the right and left parietal bones with each other. The squamous suture is a curved suture located on the lateral side of the skull. It unites the squamous portion of the temporal bone to the parietal bone. The lambdoid suture is located on the posterior skull and has an inverted V-shape. It unites the occipital bone with the right and left parietal bones.

There are two bony parts of the nasal septum in the dry skull.

The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone- forms the superior part of the septum.

The vomer bone- forms the inferior and posterior parts of the septum. In the living skull, the septal cartilage completes the septum by filling in the anterior area between the bony components and extending outward into the nose.

the adult vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, plus the sacrum and coccyx. the vertebrae are subdivided into 7 cervical (C1-C7) , 12 thoracic (T1-T12), and 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5).

A typical vertebra consists of a body and a vertebral arch. The arch is formed by the paired pedicles and paired laminae. Arising from the vertebral arch are the transverse, spinous, superior articular, and inferior articular processes. The vertebral foramen provides for passage of the spinal cord.

a single, triangular shapes bone formed by the fusion of five sacral vertebrae. on the posterior sac

An intervertebral disk acts as shock absorber between each of the vertebrae in the spinal column by keeping the vertebrae separated when there is impact from activity. They also serve to protect the nerves that run down the middle of the spine and intervertebral disks.

the anterior longitudinal is attached to the vertebral bodies on the anterior side of the vertebral column. the supraspinous ligament is located on the posterior side, where is interconnects the thoracic and lumbar spinous process. in the posterior neck, this ligament expands to become a nuchal ligament which attaches to the cervical spinous processes and the base of the skull. the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligementum flavum are located inside the vertebral canal.

The thoracic cage is formed by the 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are attached posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae and most are anchored anteriorly either directly or indirectly to the sternum. The thoracic cage functions to protect the heart and lungs.

The sternum is a partially T-shaped vertical bone that forms the anterior portion of the chest wall centrally. The sternum is divided anatomically into three segments: manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The sternum connects the ribs via the costal cartilages forming the anterior rib cage.

The typical rib consists of a head, neck and body: The head is wedge shaped, and has two articular facets separated by a wedge of bone. One facet articulates with the numerically corresponding vertebrae, and the other articulates with the vertebrae above. The body, or shaft of the rib is flat and curved.

The ribs are classified as true ribs (1–7) and false ribs (8–12). The last two pairs of false ribs are also known as floating ribs (11–12).

The brain-case bones that form the top and sides of the skull are produced by intramembranous ossification. the mesenchyme differentiates into bone-producing cells. These generate areas of bone that are initially separated by wide regions of fibrous connective tissue called fontanelles. After birth, as the bones enlarge, the fontanelles disappear. However, the bones remain separated by the sutures, where bone and skull growth can continue until the adult size is obtained.

arise via the process of endochondral ossification. this process begins with the localized accumulation of mesenchyme tissue at the sites of the future bones. the mesenchyme differentiates into hyaline cartilage, which forms a cartilage mold of the future bone. the cartilage allows for growth and enlargement of the model. it is gradually converted into bone over time.

The vertebrae, ribs, and sternum all develop via the process of endochondral ossification. Mesenchyme tissue accumulates on either side of the notochord and produces hyaline cartilage models for each vertebra. In the thorax region, a portion of this cartilage model splits off to form the ribs. Similarly, mesenchyme forms cartilage models for the right and left halves of the sternum. The ribs then become attached anteriorly to the developing sternum, and the two halves of sternum fuse together. Ossification of the cartilage model into bone occurs within these structures over time. This process continues until each is converted into bone, except for the sternal ends of the ribs, which remain as the costal cartilages.

may make the articulating surface of the radius rough or jagged. which can then cause painful movements involving this joint and the early development of arthiritis.

proximal transverse arch, distal transverse arch, and longitudinal arch

they allow the hand to conform to objects being held
they maximize the amount of surface contact between the hand and object, which enhances stability and increases sensory input

surgery may be required if the fracture is unstable, meaning that the broken ends of the radius won't stay in place to allow for proper healing.

the obturator foramen is the large opening

the superior and inferior pubic rami contribute to the formation

a hole is drilled into the greater trochanter, the bone marrow (medullary) space inside the femur is enlarged, and finally an intramedullary rod is inserted into the femur. this rod is then anchored to the bone with screws

proximal-calcareous and talus bones

intermediate- navicular bone

distal group- cuboid bone plus the medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones.

deviation of the big toe toward the second toe, which causes the distal end of the first metatarsal bone to stick out

sternal end

acromioclavicular joint

suprasinpous fossa

acromion

coracoid process

60

greater tubercle

capitulum

scaphoid

has a head that articulates with the radial notch of the ulna

3

ilium

ischial tuberosity

the lesser sciatic notch and the greater sciatic notch

has a subpubic angle that is larger in females

lesser trochanter

medial condyle of the tibia

talus

26

is firmly anchored to the fibula by an interosseous membrane

the rotation of the limbs

growth of the epiphyseal plate will produce bone lengthening

develops via intramembraneous ossification

the clavicle intends laterally across the anterior shoulder and can be palpated alone its entire length. at its lateral end, the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula, which forms the bony tip of the shoulder. the acromion is continuous with the spine of the scapula, which can be palpated medially and posteriorly along its length. together, the clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula form a V-shape line that serves as an important area for muscle attachment.

blow to the shoulder or falling onto an outstretched hand passes strong forces through the scapula to the clavicle and sternum. A hard fall may thus cause a fracture of the clavicle (broken collarbone) or may injure the ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint. In a severe case, the coracoclavicular ligament may also rupture, resulting in complete dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint (a "shoulder separation").

as you push against the car, forces will pass from the metacarpal bones of your hand into the carpal bones at the base of your hand. forces will then pass through the midcarpal and radiocarpal joints into the radius and ulna bones of the forearm. these will pass the force through the elbow joint into the humerus of the arm, and then through the glenohumeral joint into the scapula. then through the acromioclavicular joint into the clavicle, and then through the sternoclvicular joint into the sternum

The base of the hand is formed by the eight carpal bones arranged in two rows (distal and proximal) of four bones each. The proximal row contains (from lateral to medial) the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform bones. The distal row contains (from medial to lateral) the hamate, capitate, trapezoid, and trapezium bones. (Use the mnemonic "So Long To Pinky, Here Comes The Thumb" to remember this sequence). The rows of the proximal and distal carpal bones articulate with each other at the midcarpal joint. The palm of the hand contains the five metacarpal bones, which are numbered 1-5 starting on the thumb side. The proximal ends of the metacarpal bones articulate with the distal row of the carpal bones. The distal ends of the metacarpal bones articulate with the proximal phalanx bones of the thumb and fingers. The thumb (digit 1) has both a proximal and distal phalanx bone. The fingers (digits 2-5) all contain proximal, middle, and distal phalanges.

formed by the combination of the right and left hip bones- sacrum and coccyx. the articular surfaces of each hip bone articulate with the auricular surface of the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint- which is supported on either side by the strong anterior and posterior sacroiliac ligaments. the sacrum is also attached to the hip bone by the sacrospinous ligament. the coccyx is attached to the inferior end of the sacrum.

Compared to the male, the female pelvis is wider to accommodate childbirth. Thus, the female pelvis has greater distances between the anterior superior iliac spines and between the ischial tuberosities. The greater width of the female pelvis results in a larger subpubic angle. This angle, formed by the anterior convergence of the right and left ischiopubic rami, is larger in females (greater than 80 degrees) than in males (less than 70 degrees). The female sacral promontory does not project anteriorly as far as it does in males, which gives the pelvic brim (pelvic inlet) of the female a rounded or oval shape. The lesser pelvic cavity is wider and more shallow in females, and the pelvic outlet is larger than in males. Thus, the greater width of the female pelvis, with its larger pelvic inlet, lesser pelvis, and pelvic outlet, are important for childbirth because the baby must pass through the pelvis during delivery.

- a child's femur will show the epiphyseal plates associated with each secondary ossification center.
- these plates of hyaline cartilage will appear dark in comparison to the white imaging of the ossified bone

Unlike other bones of the appendicular skeleton, the clavicle develops by the process of intramembranous ossification. In this process, embryonic mesenchyme accumulates at the site of the future bone and then differentiates directly into bone-producing tissue. Because of this direct and early production of bone, the clavicle is the first bone of the skeleton to begin to ossify. However, the growth and enlargement of the clavicle continues throughout childhood and adolescence, and thus, it is not fully ossified until 25 years of age.

ball and socket joint

arthritis

the immune system malfunctions and attacks healthy cells in the lining of your joints. this causes inflammation and pain in the joints and surrounding tissues.

dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle

the first motion is rotation (hinging) of the mandible, producing about 20 mm of mouth opening.

adduction, abduction, flexion, extension, internal rotation, external rotation, and 360 circumduction

wedge-shaped in cross-section. it creates an elevated rim around the glenoid cavity, which creates a deeper socket for the head of the humerus to fit into

The important ligaments of the elbow are the medial collateral ligament (on the inside of the elbow) and the lateral collateral ligament (on the outside of the elbow.) Together these ligaments provide the main source of stability for the elbow, holding the humerus and the ulna tightly together.

functions to absorb shock and to provide an extremely smooth surface that makes movement between bones easy, without damaging

An intracapsular fracture of the neck of the femur can result in disruption of the arterial blood supply to the head of the femur, which may lead to avascular necrosis of the femoral head.

in the upper and back part of the acetabulum, the socket portion of the hip joint. these regions receive most of the force from the head of the femur during walking and running

• Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). ...
• Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL). ...
• Medial collateral ligament (MCL). ...
• Lateral collateral ligament (LCL).

the anterior cruciate ligament prevents the tibia from sliding too far forward in relation to the femur and the posterior cruciate ligament keeps the tibia from sliding too far backward

• Suddenly slowing down and changing direction (cutting)
• Pivoting with your foot firmly planted.
• Landing awkwardly from a jump.
• Stopping suddenly.
• Receiving a direct blow to the knee or having a collision, such as a football tackle

anterior and posterior talofibular ligaments and the calcaneofibular ligament. these ligaments support the ankle joint and resist excess inversion of the foot.

uniaxial hinge joint

may injure all three ligaments located on the lateral side of the ankle. the sequence of injury would be the anterior talofibular ligament first, then calcaneofibular ligament, then finally the posterior talofibular ligament.

amphiarthrosis

the metacarpophalangeal joint

are joints where the bones articulate with each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity

syndesmosis

the interosseous membrane of the forearm

anchors a tooth to the jaw

a fibrous joint that unites parallel bones

is called a symphysis when the bones are united by fibrocartilage

found at the sternocostal joint of the thoracic cage

adjacent vertebrae

synchondrosis

ball and socket

hinge joint

a plane joint

prevents friction between skin and bone, or a muscle tendon and bone

the joint cavity is filled with thick, lubricating fluid

the joint cavity is filled with thick, lubricating liquid

include the radoiocarpal joint

a fibrocartilage pad that provides padding between bones

lateral flexion

eversion

circumduction

hand from the palm backward position to the palm forward position

abduction

rotator cuff muscles

is supported by the annular ligament

The medial meniscus is attached to the tibial collateral ligament.

is a uniaxial hinge joint

thoracic

produces the bones of the top and sides of the skull

develop at an interzone site

the process that replaces hyaline cartilage with bone tissue

Functional classification of joints is based on the degree of mobility exhibited by the joint. A synarthrosis is an immobile or nearly immobile joint. An example is the manubriosternal joint or the joints between the skull bones surrounding the brain.

Explain the reasons for why joints differ in their degree of mobility. The functional needs of joints vary and thus joints differ in their degree of mobility. A synarthrosis, which is an immobile joint, serves to strongly connect bones thus protecting internal organs such as the heart or brain.

narrow fibrous joints are found at a suture, gomphosis, or syndesmosis. a suture is the fibrous joint that joins the bones of the skull to each other (except the mandible). a gomphosis is the fibrous joint that anchors each tooth to its bony socket in the jaw. tooth connected to the bony jaw by periodontal ligaments. a narrow syndesmosis is found at the distal tibiofibular joint where the bones are united by fibrous connective tissue and ligaments. a syndesmosis can also form a wide fibrous joint where the shafts of 2 parallel bones are connected by a broad interosseous membrane. the radius and ulna bones of the forearm and the tibia and fibula bones of the leg are connected by interosseous membranes.

The teeth are anchored into their sockets within the bony jaws by the periodontal ligaments. This is a gomphosis type of fibrous joint. In scurvy, collagen production is inhibited and the periodontal ligaments become weak. This will cause the teeth to become loose or even to fall out.

cartilaginous joints are where the adjacent bones are joined by cartilage. at a synchondrosis, the bones are united by hyaline cartilage. the epiphyseal plate of growing long bones and the first sternocostal joint that unites the first rib to the sternum are examples of synchondroses. at symphysis, the bones are joined by fibrocartilage, which is strong and flexible. symphysis joints include the intervertebral symphysis between adjacent vertebrae and the pubic symphysis that joins the pubic portions of the right and left hip bones.

The pubic symphysis is a slightly mobile (amphiarthrosis) cartilaginous joint, where the pubic portions of the right and left hip bones are united by fibrocartilage, thus forming a symphysis.

all synovial joints have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid that is the at which the bones of the joint articulate with each other. the articulating surfaces of the bones are by articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. the walls of the joint cavity are formed by the connective tissue of the articular capsule. the synovial membrane lines the interior surface of the joint cavity and secretes the synovial fluid. synovial joints are directly supported by ligaments, which span between the bones of the joint.

Some joints, such as the sternoclavicular joint, have an articular disc that is attached to both bones, where it provides direct support by holding the bones together. Indirect joint support is provided by the muscles and their tendons that act across a joint.

multiaxial joints that allow for flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction, and medial and lateral rotation.

To cross your arms, you need to use both your shoulder and elbow joints. At the shoulder, the arm would need to flex and medially rotate. At the elbow, the forearm would need to be flexed.

the primary support for the shoulder joint is provided by the four rotator cuff muscles. these muscles serve as dynamic ligaments and thus can modulate their strengths of contraction needed to hold the head fo the humerus in position I the glenoid fossa. additional but weaker support comes from the coracohumeral ligament, an intrinsic ligament that supports the superior aspect of the shoulder joint, and the glenohumeral ligament which are intrinsic ligaments that support the anterior side of the joint.

A strong blow to the lateral side of the extended knee will cause three injuries, in sequence: tearing of the tibial collateral ligament, damage to the medial meniscus, and rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament.

In intramembranous ossification, bone develops directly from sheets of mesenchymal connective tissue. In endochondral ossification, bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. Activity in the epiphyseal plate enables bones to grow in length. ... Remodeling occurs as bone is resorbed and replaced by new bone.