MCB Flashcards

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Focuses the light to the slide

It always has a 10x magnification

It has the slide holder on it

Helps find the slide through the ocular lens

Parfocal microscope

Magnification of the lens

Resolution power of the lens

Field of view

What is the total magnification if your objective lens has 40x maginifcation?

4

40

400

4000

What is the total magnification if your objective lens has 100x maginifcation?

1000

100

10

1

Name the bacteria based on the shape you can see on the picture.

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirillum

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

Coccobacillus

Name the bacteria based on the shape you can see on the picture.

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirillum

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

Coccobacillus

Streptobacillus

When I see only 1 color on the slide (methylene blue or crystal violet), it is a differential staining.

True/False

The color is purple, this is a Gram + staining.

True/False

The color is pink, this is a Gram + staining.

True/False

What is the basis of Gram staining?

Capsule

Cell membrane

Outer membrane

Cell wall

This is an electron microscopic picture. What kind of structure this bacteria have?

Pili

Flagella

Cilia

Pseudopod

What is the function of this structure?

feeding

catching prey

attaching to surfaces

movement

Which media would you use to grow G- fecal microbes?

Mannitol salt

Phenyl ethyl alcohol

EMB

Blood agar

Which bacteria did grow on this media if you see metallic shine green, blue or black color?

E. coli

Enterobacter

Non fermenter enteric

Staphylococcus aureus

Approximately what percentage of DNA codes for genes?

Which enzyme fills in the spaces between the Okazaki fragments with the correct nucleotides?

Where do you find the OKAZAKI segment?

How do prokaryotic cell differs from eukaryotic cells with regard to transcription and translation?

Which organ is responsible for metabolizing and detoxifying foreign chemicals in the blood, including drugs?

Physical agents for controlling microbial growth include all of the following, except:

Which of the following microbial forms have the highest resistance to physical and chemical controls?

The process that destroys or removes all microorganisms and microbial forms including bacterial endospores is:

The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens is:

Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?

A. cells die at increasingly greater rates

B. only older cells die in a culture

C. cells in a culture die at a constant rate

D. upon contact with the control agent, all cells die at one time

E. cells become metabolically inactive but are never killed

Sterilization is achieved by:

A. flash pasteurization.

B. hot water.

C. boiling water.

D. steam autoclave.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Dry heat:

A. is less efficient than moist heat.

B. cannot sterilize.

C. includes tyndallization.

D. is used in devices called autoclaves.

E. will sterilize at 121° C for 15 minutes.

The shortest time required to kill all the microbes in a sample at a specified temperature is called the:

A. thermal death point (TDP).

B. thermal death time (TDT).

C. sporicidal time.

D. death phase point.

E. None of the choices are correct.

Which of the following chemicals is a disinfectant for soft contact lenses?

A. hydrogen peroxide

B. alcohol

C. hexachlorophene

D. glutaraldehyde

E. hypochorites

Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called

A. antibiotics.

B. narrow-spectrum drugs.

C. semisynthetic drugs.

D. synthetic drugs.

E. broad-spectrum drugs

Antimicrobics effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed

A. antibiotics.

B. narrow-spectrum drugs.

C. semisynthetic drugs.

D. synthetic drugs.

E. broad-spectrum drugs.

Antibiotics are derived from all the following except

A. Penicillium.

B. Bacillus.

C. Staphylococcus.

D. Streptomyces.

E. Cephalosporium.

Penicillins and cephalosporins

A. interfere with DNA synthesis.

B. are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.

C. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.

D. damage cell membranes.

E. block the peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Sulfonamides

A. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.

B. are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.

C. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.

D. damage cell membranes.

E. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Aminoglycosides

A. interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan.

B. are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.

C. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.

D. damage cell membranes.

E. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all have

A. a beta-lactam ring.

B. resistance to the action of penicillinase.

C. a semisynthetic nature. D. an expanded spectrum of activity.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is being used to replace hypochlorites in treating water because of the possibility of cancer-causing substances being produced?

A. hydrogen peroxide

B. chloramines

C. fluorine

D. quaternary ammonium compounds

E. sodium iodide

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that

A. blocks penetration.

B. blocks DNA replication.

C. inhibits peptidoglycan cross linking.

D. blocks maturation.

E. bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane.

Acyclovir is used to treat

A. influenza A virus.

B. HIV.

C. shingles, chickenpox, and genital herpes.

D. respiratory syncytial virus.

E. hepatitis C virus.

The most versatile and useful antifungal drug that is used to treat serious systemic fungal infections is

A. nystatin.

B. griseofulvin.

C. amphotericin B.

D. sulfa drugs.

E. metronidazole.

The duplication of a cell's DNA is called

Which enzyme fills in the spaces between the Okazaki fragments with the correct nucleotides?

The site where the old DNA strands separate and new DNA strands will be synthesized is called the

Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes because only eukaryotes have

Semiconservative replication refers to

A sequence of bases on a gene that does not code for protein is called a/an

The nontranscribed region of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription is called the

The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called

All of the following pertain to transcription except it

This molecule is transcribed from the DNA template strand and later translated

The use of a physical or chemical process to destroy vegetative pathogens is

disinfection.

sterilization.

antisepsis.

sanitization.

degermation.

Sterilization is achieved by

flash pasteurization.

hot water.

boiling water.

steam autoclave.

All of the choices are correct.

Which is correct regarding the rate of microbial death?

cells die at increasingly greater rates

only older cells die in a culture

cells in a culture die at a constant rate

upon contact with the control agent, all cells die at one time

cells become metabolically inactive but are never killed

Which of the following types of control agents would be used to achieve sterility?

virucide

bactericide

germicide

sporicide

fungicide

The process of using a cleansing technique to mechanically remove and reduce microorganisms and debris to safe levels is

disinfection.

sterilization.

antisepsis.

sanitization.

degermation.

Alcohols denature proteins when

in a 50 - 95% alcohol-water solution.

disinfect items soaked in alcohol.

are skin degerming agents.

at 50% or higher concentrations dissolve cell membrane lipids.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is not used as an antiseptic?

iodophor

chlorhexidine

3% hydrogen peroxide

Merthiolate

aqueous glutaraldehyde

All of the following are benefits of food irradiation except

it can kill bacterial pathogens on the food.

it can kill insects on the food.

it can inhibit the sprouting of white potatoes.

it can reduce the number of food-borne deaths each year.

it makes the food less nutritious.

Which of the following is being used to replace hypochlorites in treating water because of the possibility of cancer-causing substances being produced?

hydrogen peroxide

chloramines

fluorine

quaternary

ammonium compounds

sodium iodide

All of the following are correct about food irradiation except

food is not made radioactive by the process.

the World Health Organization does not endorse this process.

it is approved in the U.S. for beef, chicken and pork.

it can lead to a longer shelf life for the irradiated food.

no irradiated food can be sold without clear labeling.

Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all have

a beta-lactam ring.

resistance to the action of penicillinase.

a semisynthetic nature.

an expanded spectrum of activity.

All of the choices are correct.

Antibiotics are derived from all the following except

Penicillium.

Bacillus.

Staphylococcus.

Streptomyces.

Cephalosporium.

Sulfonamides interfere with

elongation of peptidoglycan.

are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.

attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.

damage cell membranes.

block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

Penicillins and cephalosporins

interfere with DNA synthesis.

are metabolic analogs of PABA and block folic acid synthesis.

attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis.

damage cell membranes.

block the peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules.

A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is

synercid.

penicillinase.

aztreonam.

clavulanic acid.

imipenem.

Which antimicrobic does not inhibit cell wall synthesis?

gentamicin

vancomycin

cephalosporins

penicillins

clavamox

Which of these drugs is useful in treating infections by methicillin-resistant S. aureus and vancomycin-resistant

Enterococcus?

tetracycline

isoniazid

linezolid

aminoglycosides

cephalosporins

The drug that can cause aplastic anemic, and is used to treat typhoid fever and brain abscesses is

chloramphenicol.

clindamycin.

ciprofloxacin.

bacitracin.

gentamicin.

This drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis

penicillin G.

vancomycin.

aminoglycosides.

synercid.

isoniazid.

Drug susceptibility testing

determines the patient's response to various antimicrobics.

determines the pathogen's response to various antimicrobics.

determines if normal flora will be affected by antimicrobics.

determines if the drug is increasing to toxic levels in a patient.

determines the pathogen's identity.

There are fewer antifungal, antiprotozoan, and antihelminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because

these organisms do not cause many human infections.

are not affected by antimicrobics.

are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult.

are parasites found inside human cells.

have fewer target sites compared to bacteria.

An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that

blocks penetration.

blocks DNA replication.

inhibits peptidoglycan cross linking.

blocks maturation.

bonds to ergosterol in the cell membrane.

Which antimicrobic does not interfere with protein synthesis?

aminoglycosides

tetracyclines

erythromycin

trimethroprim

chloramphenicol

The most versatile and useful antifungal drug that is used to treat serious systemic fungal infections is

nystatin.

griseofulvin.

amphotericin B.

sulfa drugs.

metronidazole.

Side effects that occur in patient tissues while they are on antimicrobic drugs include all the following except

development of resistance to the drug.

hepatotoxicity.

nephrotoxicity.

diarrhea.

deafness.

The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobics include

bacterial chromosomal mutations.

synthesis of enzymes that alter drug structure.

prevention of drug entry into the cell.

alteration of drug receptors on cell targets.

All of the choices are correct.

A "shotgun" approach to antimicrobial therapy involves giving a narrow spectrum drug.

culturing the pathogen and identifying it.

performing the disk diffusion assay.

using a broad spectrum drug so that the chance of killing the pathogen is greater.

using antiviral and antibiotic drugs in combination.

Which of the following is not a mode of action of antivirals?

block penetration

block transcription and translation

inhibit DNA synthesis

block maturation

bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane

All of the following could be reasons why antimicrobic treatment fails except the inability of the drug to diffuse into the infected body compartment.

a mixed infection where some of the pathogens are drug resistant.

not completing the full course of treatment.

a disk diffusion test showing pathogen sensitivity to the antimicrobic.

diminished gastrointestinal absorption due to an underlying condition or age.

Antivirals that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat influenza A virus.

HIV.

herpes zoster virus.

respiratory syncytial virus.

hepatitis C virus.