One reason for the end of the postwar economic boom in the 1970s
was
a. the entry of large numbers of women in the work
force.
b. the Arab oil embargo.
c. a decline in
technological innovation.
d. a lack of government safety and
health regulations.
e. a drastic decline in worker productivity.
E
Lyndon Johnson's insistence on fighting the Vietnam War and finding
the Great Society with a tax increase to pay for them led to
a. a
drastic inflation of prices in the 1970s.
b. a decline in the
competitive advantage of American business.
c. severe cutbacks in
the size of the federal government.
d. a taxpayer revolt.
e.
a growing reliance on overseas trade to sustain the American economy.
A
The poor economic performance of the 1970s brought an abrupt end
to
a. American reliance on Middle Eastern oil.
b. the Social
Security and Medicare programs for the elderly.
c. the increases
in military spending of the 1960s.
d. the liberal dream that
affluent American could spend its way to social justice.
e.
reliance on the dollar as a stable international currency.
D
The Nixon Doctrine proclaimed that the United States would
a.
honor its existing defense commitment, but that in the future its
allies would have to fight their own wars without large numbers of
American troops.
b. supply only economic aid to its
allies.
c. seek detente with the Soviet Union and the People's
Republic of China.
d. intervene to help its allies fight
communism only if the United States was allowed to send American
troops.
e. maintain naval and air bases in East Asia but not put
troops on the Asian mainland.
A
Perhaps Richard Nixon's most valuable asset as he began his
presidency in 1969 was his
a. naturally conciliatory
manner.
b. inclination to try to work openly with antiwar
liberals to halt the Vietnam War.
c. close connection with former
President Eisenhower.
d. clear mandate from the public as a
result of his 1968 election victory.
e. expertise in foreign affairs.
E
President Nixon's policy of "Vietnamization" of the war in
Vietnam called for
a. a gradual handover of the ground war to the
South Vietnamese.
b. a full-scale conventional invasion of North
Vietnam.
c. reorganization of the American army in Vietnam into
anti-guerrilla units.
d. an end to all American military and
economic aid to South Vietnam.
e. a de-emphasis on military
assaults in favor of Vietnamese social reform.
A
Richard Nixon's Vietnam policy included all of the following
except
a. Vietnamization.
b. extension of the war to
Cambodia.
c. massive bombing campaigns in Vietnam.
d.
increased American troop commitments.
e. creating a draft lottery
and reducing draft calls.
D
The American armed forces in Vietnam were composed largely of
a.
marines.
b. African Americans.
c. soldiers in their middle
and late twenties.
d. the least privileged young
Americans.
e. professional career soldiers.
D
The __________ Amendment __________ the voting age to
__________.
a. Twenty-sixth; raised; twenty-one
b.
Twenty-fourth; lowered; eighteen
c. Twenty-fifth; raised;
nineteen
d. Twenty-sixth; lowered; eighteen
e. Twenty-sixth;
lowered; sixteen
D
The top secret "Pentagon Papers," leaked and published in
1971,
a. revealed President Nixon's role in the Watergate
scandal.
b. documented the North Vietnamese attack in the Gulf of
Tonkin.
c. exposed President Nixon's secret bombing war of
Cambodia.
d. was the first the American public knew of the Nixon
Doctrine.
e. exposed the deception that had led the United States
into the Vietnam War.
E
To control creeping inflation in the early 1970s, President Richard
Nixon
a. imposed a ninety-day wage and price freeze.
b. put
the United States back on the gold standard.
c. sought a system
of international currency stabilization.
d. lowered Social
Security payments.
e. pressured the Federal Reserve Board to
raise interest rates.
A
All of the following were created during Richard Nixon's presidency
except
a. the Environmental Protection Agency.
b.
Supplemental Security Income for the blind, disabled, and indigent
aged.
c. the Endangered Species Act.
d. the Occupational
Health and Safety Administration.
e. the Medicare program.
E
The difference between Lyndon Johnson's affirmative action programs
and those of Richard Nixon was
a. very small.
b. that
Johnson intended his to help groups and Nixon intended his to help
individuals.
c. that Nixon's actions applied only to educational
opportunities and did nothing for employment, while Johnson's helped
both.
d. that Johnson intended to help individuals, but Nixon
conferred privileges on groups.
e. that Johnson established
quotas and Nixon ended them.
D
Richard Nixon's Philadelphia Plan
a. was a direct attack on
affirmative action.
b. aimed at giving direct economic assistance
to business.
c. attempted to counter the Supreme Court's
opposition to affirmative action.
d. required construction trade
unions to establish timetables and goals for hiring black
apprentices.
e. aimed to renovate inner cities like those in Philadelphia.
D
When it came to welfare programs, Richard Nixon
a. sought to
exclude African Americans.
b. tried to repeal only food stamps
and Medicaid.
c. did little to reduce the poverty rate.
d.
did his best to do away with Lyndon Johnson's Great Society
programs.
e. supported significant expansion in many areas.
E
The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren outraged religious
conservatives in 1962-63 when it
a. declared a woman's right to
an abortion.
b. ruled that prayer and Bible reading in public
schools violated the First Amendment.
c. prohibited the display
of religious symbols in government buildings.
d. ruled that
parochial students could not ride on public school buses.
e.
declared that the practice of having Congressional chaplains was unconstitutional.
B
In Griswold v. Connecticut, the Supreme Court upheld a married
couple's right to use contraceptives based on
a. the
"necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution.
b.
the First Amendment.
c. a "right to privacy."
d.
Roe v. Wade.
e. the Fifth Amendment.
C
The Nixon administration still reflected a staunch anticommunist
policy when it worked to undermine and overthrow the leftist
government of
a. Cuba.
b. Mexico.
c. China.
d.
Chile.
e. Sweden.
D
Richard Nixon's policy of détente
a. was designed to improve
relations between the Soviet Union and China.
b. was aimed at
ending the division of Germany and Korea.
c. was a
failure.
d. found support in the Democratic party but not the
Republican party.
e. ushered in an era of relaxed tensions
between the United States and the two leading communist powers, China
and the Soviet Union.
E
President Nixon's chief foreign-policy adviser was
a. Henry
Kissinger.
b. John Dean III.
c. Spiro Agnew.
d. Cyrus
Vance.
e. Donald Rumsfeld.
A
The Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade declared state laws prohibiting
abortion were unconstitutional because they
a. violated the First
Amendment by using a religious definition of
"person."
b. violated the equal protection clause of
the Fourteenth Amendment by placing a particular burden on women not
placed on men.
c. wrote into law a particular philosophical and
scientific view of human life that imposed unfair treatment on those
who disagreed.
d. violated the Fifth Amendment by interfering
with doctors' professional medical practices.
e. violated a
woman's constitutional right to privacy in her own person.
E
The proposed Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), passed by Congress in 1972
and eventually ratified by 35 states, stated the following:
a.
"Congress shall pass no law restricting the equal right of
privacy in marital relations or reproduction."
b. "The
equal rights of unborn citizens of the United States under the
Fourteenth Amendment shall not be abridged."
c. "Equal
access to the courts of the United States and any state shall not be
abridged on account of race, gender, or physical
handicap."
d. "Equality of rights under the law shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on the
basis of sex."
e. "Nothing in this Constitution shall
be construed by the courts or any state to prohibit the guarantee of
equal pay for equal work to women."
D
Title IX was passed by Congress in 1972 to
a. prohibit sex
discrimination in any federally funded education program or
activity.
b. guarantee women equal pay for equal work.
c.
prohibit any form of sexual harassment or sexual innuendoes on the
job.
d. establish quotas for women in sports, business, and
government positions.
e. protect women's access to birth control
and abortion.
A
While many of the social movements born in the 1960s declined or
disappeared, the one that remained strong and even gathered momentum
in the 1970s was
a. the counterculture movement.
b. the
peace movement.
c. the feminist movement.
d. the civil
rights movement.
e. the antipoverty movement.
C
When the North Vietnamese launched their full invasion of South
Vietnam in 1975
a. the United States provided even more military
aid to South Vietnam.
b. the Chinese intervened to seek a neutral
settlement.
c. the United States renewed bombing against North
Vietnam.
d. all the South Vietnamese who supported the U.S. were
trapped inside the country.
e. the South Vietnamese government
quickly collapsed.
E
The people of the United States had provided just about everything
for South Vietnam except
a. the most sophisticated
aircraft.
b. hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops.
c. enough
time to win.
d. enough money to build its own military.
e.
the will to win the war.
E
The Helsinki accords, signed by Gerald Ford and leaders of
thirty-four other nations,
a. pledged signatories to guarantee
certain basic human rights.
b. rejected the Soviet-directed
boundary of Poland.
c. proved to many Americans that détente was
still a two-way street.
d. was condemned by West Germany as
meaningless.
e. accepted Soviet control of Eastern Europe.
A
The most controversial action of Gerald Ford's presidency was
a.
signing the Helsinki accords with the Soviet Union.
b.
frantically evacuating the last Americans and Vietnamese by helicopter
during the fall of South Vietnam to the Communists.
c. arranging
the deal whereby Nixon resigned the president.
d. pardoning Nixon
for any known or unknown crimes he had committed while
president.
e. pardoning Vietnam War draft resisters and evaders.
D
Richard Nixon tried to resist giving his taped conversations to the
special prosecutor and the Congress by claiming that
a. portions
of the tape were erased.
b. they were his private
property.
c. he had executive privilege
(confidentiality).
d. they were inaudible.
e. it would
violate his right to privacy.
C
The list of Nixon illegal administration activities uncovered in the
Watergate scandal included all of the following except
a.
breaking into the Democratic party headquarters in order to
"bug" them.
b. paying Supreme Court justices to write
favorable opinions.
c. using the internal Revenue Service to
harass its "enemies."
d. forging documents to discredit
Democrats.
e. using the FBI and CIA to cover up previous crimes.
B
As a result of U.S. support for Israel in 1973 when it was attacked
by Egypt and Syria,
a. Israel took control of Syria.
b.
America had to reduce its aid to other nations.
c. Arab nations
placed an embargo on oil to America.
d. the Soviet Union started
sending arms to Syria.
e. Israel was able to seize the Suez Canal.
C
As a result of Richard Nixon's aerial bombing of neutral Cambodia in
1973,
a. Congress revoked the War Powers Act.
b. he was
impeached.
c. the Cambodian economy was ruined and its politics
revolutionized.
d. strong congressional reaction forced Nixon to
withdraw all remaining American combat troops.
e. the Cambodians
and North Vietnamese were forced to seek peace.
C
The 1973 War Powers Act
a. gave the president the power to
commit troops without declaring war.
b. compelled President Nixon
to end the secret bombing war in Cambodia.
c. required the
president to report to Congress any commitment of American
troops.
d. ended the military draft and created an all-volunteer
army.
e. required Congress to approve funds for military operations.
C
In response to Congress's attempt to stop him from continuing the
bombing of Cambodia, President Nixon
a. began using secret agents
to intimidate members of Congress.
b. gradually reduced the
number of bombing raids.
c. shifted the bombing campaign to
Laos.
d. declared that he was stopping the bombing but continued
the campaign secretly.
e. repeatedly vetoed Congress's bills to
halt the attacks.
E
In 1973 the American public was shocked to learn that
a. some
American soldiers had committed massacres in Vietnam.
b. the
Vietnamese peace agreement would not last.
c. the U.S. Air Force
had been secretly bombing Cambodia since 1973.
d. President Nixon
had prepared plans to invade North Vietnam.
e. the United States
was threatening to use nuclear weapons in Vietnam and Cambodia.
C
As part of the cease-fire agreement in Vietnam in 1973,
a. the
United States ended the bombing of Cambodia.
b. the United States
stopped all economic and military aid to South Vietnam.
c. North
Vietnam withdrew all its troops from South Vietnam.
d. the Viet
Cong joined a coalition government in South Vietnam.
e. the
United States withdrew all its troops from Vietnam.
E
The shaky agreement that brought an end to American fighting in
Vietnam in January 1973 represented
a. a thinly disguised
American retreat.
b. an end to warfare in Vietnam.
c. the
establishment of a unified, neutral Vietnam.
d. the achievement
of the essential American goals in the war.
e. a vote of
confidence in the South Vietnamese government's ability to defeat the communists.
A
As a presidential candidate, South Dakota Senator George McGovern
appealed most strongly to the
a. antiwar movement.
b.
working class.
c. South.
d. religious conservatives.
e. Midwest.
A
George McGovern, the Democratic nominee for the presidency in 1972,
alienated the traditional working-class backbone of the Democratic
party
a. by advocating a cut in Social Security.
b. when he
advocated an end to the Vietnam War.
c. when it was discovered
that he had undergone psychiatric care.
d. by appealing to racial
minorities, feminists, and youth.
e. by opposing the power of
labor unions.
D
Richard Nixon's "southern strategy" included the policy
of
a. completely overhauling the welfare system.
b. ending
the Vietnam War.
c. moving nearly all military bases to the
southern states.
d. appointing only southerners to the Supreme
Court.
e. soft-pedaling civil rights and opposing school busing
to achieve racial balance.
E
The guiding principle of President Carter's foreign policy
was
a. isolationism.
b. containment.
c.
détente.
d. unilateralism.
e. human rights.
E
James Earl (Jimmy) Carter enjoyed considerable popularity when he won
the presidency because
a. his emphasis on honesty contrasted with
the corruptions of Watergate.
b. he was widely known as skilled
in dealing with Congress and Washington.
c. he brought in a team
of highly respected and experienced cabinet members and
advisers.
d. he was a born-again Southern Baptist.
e. he had
a clear plan to solve the energy crisis.
A
The opposing major party candidates in the bicentennial presidential
campaign of 1976 were
a. Nelson Rockefeller and Edward
Kennedy.
b. Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter.
c. Ronald Reagan
and Jimmy Carter.
d. Gerald Ford and Eugene McCarthy.
e.
Richard Nixon and George McGovern.
B
On which of the following issues did nearly all "second
wave" feminists agree?
a. marriage
b. how much to
expect from the government, capitalism, and men
c.
pornography
d. abortion rights
e. maternity leaves and
special protections for women in the workplace
D
The "first wave" of feminism grew out of the __________
movement, and the "second wave" of feminism grew out of the
___________ movement.
a. abolitionist; civil rights
b.
prohibition; black power.
c. peace; environmental
d.
progressive; antiwar.
e. evangelical revival; gay.
A
American Indian activists brought attention to their cause in the
1970s by seizing
a. the Little Big Horn battleground and Mount
Rushmore in the sacred Black Hills.
b. Alcatraz Island and
Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
c. the major tribal headquarters
throughout Oklahoma.
d. salmon fishing grounds in Washington and
trout streams in Wisconsin and Minnesota.
e. the Tippecanoe
battlefield and Mesa Verde National Park.
B
The supreme Court in the Bakke case held that
a. all forms of
affirmative action in college admissions were
unconstitutional.
b. "reverse discrimination" was just
as wrong as antiblack discrimination.
c. public universities
could impose racial quotas but private universities did not have to do
so.
d. it was acceptable for universities to establish
minority-based programs and housing arrangements.
e. racial
quotas were unconstitutional but race could be taken into account as
one factor in college admissions.
E
The effect of the Supreme Court ruling in Milliken v. Bradley, which
held that integration did not have to take place across school
district lines, was to
a. encourage voluntary busing
programs.
b. cause Congress to pass laws equalizing school
funding in different districts.
c. turn public attention to
eliminating segregated housing patterns.
d. reinforce the
division between poorer, minority inner city schools and nearly all
white suburbs.
e. end school busing programs in favor of the
neighborhood school.
D
The most explosive domestic controversy of the 1970s centered around
issues of
a. race.
b. labor.
c. the
environment.
d. education.
e. immigration.
A
The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) failed to be ratified by the needed
38 states largely because
a. the Catholic Church opposed
it.
b. many Americans realized that its goals had already been
achieved without amending the Constitution.
c. an antifeminist
backlash led by Phyllis Schlafly stirred sufficient opposition to stop
it.
d. many suspected that it would require such things as rigid
quotas and unisex bathrooms.
e. many Americans believed that
equal gender treatment was a matter of changing attitudes, not
creating laws.
C
Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Arab oil
embargo, (B) Iranian hostage crisis, (C) fall of Saigon, (D) invasion
of Afghanistan.
a. B, A, C, D
b. A, C, B, D
c. D, B, A,
C
d. C, B, D, A
e. D, A, C, B
B
The most humiliating failure during the Iran hostage crisis came
when
a. the Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah.
b.
America's allies approved the hostage takeover.
c. President
Carter's attempted rescue mission ended in disaster.
d. some of
the hostages took the side of their Iranian captors.
e. the
Iranians demonstrated their control of American oil supplies.
C
The SALT II Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States
died in the Senate when the Soviets
a. refused to sign the
Helsinki accords.
b. cracked down on Soviet dissidents.
c.
halted the immigration of Soviet Jews to Israel.
d. helped Muslim
fundamentalists to overthrow the shah of Iran.
e. invaded Afghanistan.
E
The "oil shocks" of the 1970s brought home to Americans the
stunning fact that
a. the private automobile was not sustainable
as the major mode of transportation.
b. they would have to invest
in new forms of energy.
c. the United States had run completely
out of oil
d. the United States would have to become militarily
engaged in the Middle East conflicts.
e. their economy was
increasingly dependent on foreign trade and the global economy.
E
The first major trouble to afflict President Carter's foreign policy
was
a. the Panamanian seizure of the Panama Canal.
b. the
collapse of the Camp David accords between Israel and Egypt.
c.
the ominous reheating of the Cold War with the Soviet Union.
d.
the taking of American hostages in Lebanon.
e. the threatened
Chinese invasion of Taiwan.
C
President Carter believed that the fundamental problem of the
American economy in the late 1970s was
a. the absence of price
controls on domestic oil production.
b. U.S. dependence on
foreign oil.
c. the high import fees on foreign oil.
d. the
exhaustion of domestic oil supplies.
e. the loss of a
manufacturing base.
B
President Jimmy Carter's most spectacular foreign-policy achievement
was the
a. Panama Canal Treaty.
b. Helsinki accords.
c.
Camp David agreement between Israel and Egypt.
d. SALT II
Treaty.
e. Iran hostage release.
C