When he became attorney general, Robert Kennedy sought to refocus the
attention of the FBI on
a. organized crime and civil
rights.
b. communist spies and terrorism.
c. political
corruption and campaign law violations.
d. illegal immigration
and drug trading.
e. automobile theft and illegal weapons.
A
When he took office in 1961, President Kennedy chose to try to
stimulate the sluggish economy through
a. a massive foreign-aid
program.
b. large-scale government spending programs.
c. a
tax cut.
d. reducing expenditures on the space program.
e. a
looser monetary policy.
C
Kennedy was often cautious and frustrated in advancing social reform
and civil rights legislation because
a. he was looking forward to
winning a much larger mandate in the election of 1964.
b. the
civil rights movement's militant demands undercut public support for
moderate reform.
c. his own vice president, Lyndon Johnson,
lobbied against the legislation behind his back.
d. conservative
southern Democrats controlled key Congressional committees.
e.
Republican majorities in the Senate blocked his legislative proposals.
D
President Kennedy's most bitter confrontation with big business
occurred when he
a. raised taxes on corporate business
profits.
b. refused to support compensation for American
businesses' lost investments in Cuba.
c. demanded that the
American oil industry stop driving up the price of gasoline.
d.
forced steel industry leaders to roll back steel price
increases.
e. lowered tariff rates to permit more European
imports into the United States.
D
The essential purpose of President Kennedy's promise to land a man on
the moon by the end of the 1960s was to
a. restore American
prestige in the space race damaged by the Soviets' Sputnik.
b.
develop the possibility of deploying American weapons in outer
space.
c. engage in scientific and astronomical study of the moon
and the solar system.
d. provide investments and jobs in the key
states of Texas and Florida.
e. use the space program to develop
new technologies in electronics and other areas.
A
The 1962 Trade Expansion Act
a. cut taxes to increase American
purchasing power.
b. provided incentives to American overseas
investments.
c. made the United States a member of the Common
Market.
d. raised the minimum-wage and Social Security benefits
of most working-class Americans.
e. reduced American tariffs.
E
John F. Kennedy's strategy of flexible response
a. was an
updated version of John Foster Dulles's doctrine of massive
retaliation.
b. was used in his battle with the leadership of the
steel industry.
c. called for a variety of military options that
could be matched to the scope and importance of a crisis.
d.
required increased spending on a variety of nuclear weapons systems to
be deployed around the world.
e. cut back nuclear weapons in
favor of guerrilla forces.
C
American military forces entered Vietnam in order to
a. try to
drive the communists out of North Vietnam.
b. help to stage a
coup against Ngo Dinh Diem.
c. prevent Ngo Dinh Diem's regime
from falling to the communists.
d. establish defensive perimeters
around Saigon and other Vietnamese cities.
e. promote democratic
reforms in South Vietnam.
C
The Alliance for Progress, which intended to improve economic growth
and democratic reforms in Latin America, was
a. effectively
implemented by American Peace Corps volunteers.
b. effective
economically but ineffective in developing pro-American sentiment in
the region.
c. generally disappointing.
d. weakened by the
Kennedy administration's harsh policies toward Cuba.
e. an
incentive for growing Soviet intervention in the region.
C
The Bay of Pigs invasion failed when
a. the Cuban rebel forces
lost the Battle of Havana.
b. the anti-Castro exiles were
defeated by the Cuban military.
c. the Soviet Union intervened to
protect the Castro government.
d. President Kennedy's use of U.S.
air power led to the capture of American pilots.
e. anti-Castro
Cubans in Florida refused to support the effort.
B
When the Soviet Union attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba,
President Kennedy ordered
a. the installation of nuclear weapons
in Turkey.
b. surgical air strikes against the missile
sites.
c. the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs.
d.
resumption of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons.
e. a naval
quarantine of that island.
E
The Cuban missile crisis resulted in all of the following
except
a. U.S. agreement to abandon the American base at
Guantanamo.
b. the removal of Nikita Khrushchev from power in the
Soviet Union.
c. a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba.
d. an
ambitious program of military expansion by the Soviet Union.
e.
withdrawal of U.S. missiles in Turkey.
A
In a speech at American University in 1963, President Kennedy
recommended the adoption of a policy toward the Soviet Union based
on
a. flexible response.
b. massive retaliation.
c.
peaceful coexistence.
d. gradual escalation.
e. containment.
C
At first, John F. Kennedy moved very slowly in the area of racial
justice because he
a. did not support civil rights.
b.
needed the support of southern legislators to pass his economic and
social legislation.
c. had not pledged any action in this area
during his campaign.
d. believed that initiatives in this area
should come from the Supreme Court and Congress.
e. was
suspicious of Martin Luther King.
B
The Freedom Riders
a. protested segregation by torching buses on
segregated routes.
b. sought to end segregation in facilities
serving interstate bus passengers.
c. were involved in the
sit-ins across the South to end segregation.
d. were African
Americans who sought to integrate public school buses.
e. None of these
B
President John Kennedy and Attorney General Robert Kennedy began to
join hands with the civil rights movement when they
a. sent
federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders.
b. ordered the
FBI to remove the wiretap from Martin Luther King, Jr.'s
phone.
c. secured passage of the Voting Rights Act.
d.
journeyed south to support the registration of black voters.
e.
ordered the immediate desegregation of schools.
A
President Kennedy ordered hundreds of federal marshals and thousands
of federal troops to force the racial integration of
a. Central
High School in Little Rock, Arkansas.
b. Louisiana State
University.
c. the lunch counters of Greensboro, North
Carolina.
d. the bus stations in Birmingham, Alabama.
e. the
University of Mississippi.
E
American and world public opinion turned strongly in favor of the
civil rights movement when
a. Senator Barry Goldwater came out in
favor of the civil rights bill.
b. Martin Luther King led a
successful nonviolent march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama.
c.
J. Edgar Hoover's wiretaps on Martin Luther King were exposed.
d.
Martin Luther King's peaceful demonstrators were viciously attacked in
Birmingham.
e. Martin Luther King met with President Kennedy at
the White House.
D
The 1963 March on Washington led by Martin Luther King, Jr., provided
critical support for
a. the War on Poverty.
b. the
Democratic party.
c. the Voting Rights bill.
d. the civil
rights bill to end segregation.
e. jobs and medicare.
D
During the 1963 March on Washington, Martin Luther King, Jr.,
delivered his famous "I Have A Dream Speech," in which he
proclaimed
a. that blacks would become more militant if their
rights were not secured.
b. that a black man would one day be
president
c. that his children would one day live in a nation
where they will not be judged by the color of their skin.
d. All
of these
C
The War on Poverty was inspired by
a. the sickness and dire
conditions President Johnson witnessed in the mining regions of
Appalachia.
b. Michael Harrington's book The Other
America.
c. increasing public faith that an affluent nation such
as America should be able to end poverty.
d. None of
these
e. All of these
E
With the passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
a. the United
States declared war on Vietnam.
b. Congress handed the president
a blank check to use further force in Vietnam.
c. the military
was given the authority to use tactical nuclear weapons.
d.
Congress maintained its war-declaring power.
e. the goals of
American military involvement in Vietnam were clear.
B
Voters supported Lyndon Johnson in the 1964 presidential election
because of their
a. loyalty to the Kennedy legacy.
b. faith
in the Great Society promises.
c. fear of the Republican nominee,
Barry Goldwater.
d. trust in Johnson's Vietnam policy.
e.
All of these
E
Lyndon Johnson gained strong support for federal aid to education
by
a. making sure that the funds would flow primarily to needy
students.
b. guaranteeing that no aid would be given to Catholic
schools.
c. sidestepping the controversy over parochial schools
by channeling aid directly to students.
d. focusing on improving
educational quality rather than racial integration.
e. directing
funds toward higher education only.
C
All of the following programs were created by Lyndon Johnson's
administration except
a. the National Endowments for the Arts and
Humanities.
b. Project Head Start.
c. the Peace
Corps.
d. Medicare.
e. the Office of Economic Opportunity.
C
In the final analysis, Lyndon Johnson's Great Society
programs
a. did no good at all.
b. actually increased the
poverty rate.
c. proved that poverty could not be papered over
with greenbacks.
d. won some noteworthy battles in education and
health care.
e. received more money than they could effectively spend.
D
The landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished all of the
following except
a. creation of the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission.
b. prohibiting discrimination based on
gender.
c. banning sexual as well as racial
discrimination.
d. banning racial discrimination in most private
facilities open to the public.
e. requiring affirmative action
against discrimination.
E
As a result of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
a.
fewer Asians came to the United States.
b. the number of
immigrants entering the country was reduced.
c. the racial and
ethnic makeup of the country was unchanged.
d. sources of
immigration tilted to Eastern Europe.
e. sources of immigration
shifted to Latin America and Asia.
E
The common use of poll taxes to inhibit black voters in the South was
outlawed by the
a. Civil Rights Act of 1964.
b. Voting
Rights Act of 1965.
c. Twenty-Fourth Amendment.
d. War on
Poverty.
e. Twenty-Fifth Amendment.
C
After the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, the chief goal of
the black civil rights movement in the South became to
a. secure
the right to vote.
b. end discrimination in housing.
c. gain
equality in education.
d. prohibit racial discrimination in
employment.
e. integrate private social clubs and organizations.
A
As a result of the Voting Rights Act of 1965
a. whites left the
South in record numbers.
b. centuries of discrimination and
oppression ended.
c. whites refused to do business with
blacks.
d. white southerners began to court black votes.
e.
the South became strongly Democratic.
D
The Watts riot in 1965 symbolized
a. the still-troubled racial
situation in the South.
b. the rise of the Black Muslim movement
in Los Angeles.
c. a more militant and confrontational phase of
the civil rights movement.
d. the power of Martin Luther King in
the black community.
e. the ineffectiveness of the Voting Rights Act.
C
The militant African American leader who most directly challenged
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s goal of peaceful integration was
a.
Medgar Evers.
b. Malcolm X.
c. Fannie Lou Hamer.
d.
Marcus Garvey.
e. Ralph Abernathy.
B
Opponents of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act calculated
that
a. they had enough votes from senators and congressmen
opposed to racial equality to tank the bill.
b. it would fail
because liberals would not be able to support legislation that would
end laws that gave women special protections.
c. it would be
derailed by the inclusion of sexual orientation in the new
law.
d. discrimination in hiring would not be eliminated by this
law.
e. None of these
B
Besides eliminating segregation and racial discrimination in public
facilities and employment, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
included a provision that
a. laid the foundation for busing to
achieve integration.
b. prohibited sexual as well as racial
discrimination.
c. established the principle of affirmative
action in college admissions.
d. protected the rights of Latino
immigrants to speak Spanish in schools.
e. protected gays against
discrimination in employment.
B
President Johnson called his package of domestic reform proposals
the
a. Great Crusade.
b. Fair Deal.
c. New
Frontier.
d. Johnson Revolution.
e. Great Society.
E
President Johnson proved to be much more successful than President
Kennedy at
a. getting his legislation passed by Congress.
b.
exciting the ideals and spirit of his fellow citizens.
c.
reducing America's overseas commitments.
d. gaining the
admiration and support of the media.
e. appealing to America's
European Allies.
A
Before he became vice president and then president of the United
States, Lyndon Johnson had exercised great power as
a. secretary
of defense.
b. Majority Leader of the U.S. Senate.
c. a
wealthy Texas businessman.
d. governor of Texas.
e. Speaker
of the House of Representatives.
B
President Kennedy's alleged assassin was
a. Jack Ruby.
b.
Lee Harvey Oswald.
c. Medgar Evers.
d. James Earl
Ray.
e. an agent of Fidel Castro.
B
At the time of his death, President John Kennedy's civil rights
bill
a. had been passed, much to the satisfaction of African
Americans.
b. had been passed, but greatly weakened by
amendments.
c. was still bogged down in Congress.
d. was on
the desk waiting to be signed into law.
e. was locked in a
filibuster in the U.S. Senate.
C
Aerial bombardment in Vietnam
a. worked very well.
b.
strengthened the communists' will to resist.
c. strengthened the
will of America's South Vietnamese allies to fight.
d. had no
effect on the war.
e. destroyed North Vietnamese industry.
B
The Latin American nation where Lyndon Johnson sent 25,000 American
troops to counteract alleged communist influence was
a.
Argentina.
b. El Salvador.
c. the Dominican
Republic.
d. Panama.
e. Mexico.
C
By 1972, public schools in the South were
a. integrated at
higher rates than schools in the North.
b. integrated at lower
rates than schools in the North.
c. taught primarily by teachers
trained in northern colleges.
d. continuing to close their doors
rather than admit blacks to all-white schools.
e. the final
hold-outs against efforts at racial equality.
A
Some advocates of Black Power made the movement the basis for
a.
emphasizing African American distinctiveness and separatism.
b.
upholding the leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.
c. supporting
a movement "back to Africa."
d. encouraging the end of
racially based identity and culture.
e. promoting affirmative
action in education and employment.
A
By the late 1960s, Black Power advocates in the North focused their
attention primarily on
a. housing.
b. school
integration.
c. voting rights.
d. black separation.
e.
economic demands.
E
Former vice president Richard Nixon essentially won the 1968
presidential election by
a. promising to escalate the Vietnam War
and win a decisive victory there.
b. repudiating Goldwater
conservatives and running as a liberal Republican.
c.
re-asserting the Republican party's historic commitment to civil
rights and civil liberties.
d. arguing that the Vietnam War had
been a mistake from the beginning.
e. exploiting Democratic
divisions and appealing to moderately conservative law and order sentiment.
E
Both major-party presidential candidates in 1968 agreed that the
United States should
a. negotiate an immediate end to the Vietnam
War.
b. withdraw U.S. troops to safe enclaves.
c. withdraw
American forces from Vietnam.
d. escalate the bombing of North
Vietnam.
e. continue the war in pursuit of an honorable peace.
E
The spoiler third-party candidate for president in 1968 was
a.
Robert F. Kennedy.
b. Hubert H. Humphrey.
c. Eugene
McCarthy.
d. George Wallace.
e. George McGovern.
D
The 1968 Democratic party convention witnessed
a. a long
deadlock over the nomination of its presidential candidate.
b. a
violent conflict between police and antiwar demonstrators outside the
convention hall.
c. a walkout by hundreds of southern delegates,
who then founded the Independent party.
d. the assassination of
Robert F. Kennedy soon after he delivered a speech at the
convention.
e. the enthusiastic nomination of Vice President Humphrey.
B
The attempt to nominate an antiwar Democratic candidate for president
in 1968 suffered a crippling blow when
a. Senator Eugene McCarthy
withdrew from the race before the Democratic convention.
b.
Senator Robert Kennedy was assassinated after winning the California
primary.
c. pro-war vice president Hubert Humphrey won the Oregon
and California primaries.
d. militant leftist demonstrators at
the Chicago convention caused a backlash in favor of Humphrey.
e.
public opinion turned back in favor of the war after the Tet offensive.
B
The political challenge to President Johnson's Vietnam policies
gained great momentum when
a. the Senate voted to cut off funds
for any further escalation of the war.
b. the favorite for the
Republican nomination, Richard Nixon, began opposing the war.
c.
third-party challenger George Wallace began criticizing
Johnson.
d. Vice President Hubert Humphrey turned against
Johnson's policies.
e. Senator Eugene McCarthy nearly defeated
Johnson in the New Hampshire Democratic primary.
E
During the Vietnam War, President Lyndon Johnson ordered the CIA, in
clear violation of its charter, to
a. lead an invasion of
Cambodia.
b. spy on domestic antiwar protestors.
c.
infiltrate FBI headquarters.
d. help destabilize the government
of Thailand.
e. protect prowar presidential candidates.
B
The most serious blow to Lyndon Johnson's Vietnam policy
a. came
with the bombing of Cambodia.
b. occurred when Defense Secretary
Robert McNamara resigned.
c. was the Tet offensive of
1968.
d. occurred when Senator J. William Fulbright's Foreign
Relations Committee held public hearings on the war.
e. came with
the revelation that the Tonkin Gulf attacks had been provoked by the
United States.
C
The focal point of congressional opposition to Lyndon Johnson's
Vietnam War policy was
a. the Republican party in both the Senate
and the House.
b. the Senate office of Vice President Hubert
Humphrey.
c. Senator Richard Russell's Armed Services
Committee.
d. the House Ways and Means Committee.
e. Senator
William Fulbright's Foreign Relations Committee.
E
The 1967 Six-Day War intensified the Arab-Israeli conflict by
bringing into constant, direct conflict
a. Americans and
Israelis.
b. Israel and Saudi Arabia.
c. Israel and the
United States on the one hand and the Arabs and the Soviet Union on
the other.
d. the Israeli government and Jewish settlers on the
West Bank.
e. Israelis and Palestinians.
E
The site of the first major militant protest on behalf of gay
liberation in 1969 was
a. the Mattachine Society headquarters
(Los Angeles).
b. Fire Island, New York.
c. Key West,
Florida.
d. Indiana University (Bloomington, Indiana).
e.
the Stonewall Inn (New York City).
E
The three P's that largely explain the cultural upheavals of the
1960s are
a. poverty, political radicalism, and protest against
authority.
b. public schools, parietal rules, and parental
restrictions.
c. population bulge, protest against Vietnam, and
prosperity.
d. patriotism, prowar enthusiasm, and
perfectionism.
e. the pill, pot, and popular rock music.
C
The skepticism about authority that emerged in the United States
during the 1960s
a. was a new phenomenon for America.
b. did
not occur anywhere else in the world at that time.
c. touched all
institutions except religion.
d. had deep historical roots in
American culture.
e. arose from the music and drugs of the time.
D
In the worldwide youthful protests of 1968, the movement in ____
succeeded in toppling the government, while the movement in ____ ended
in harsh repression and failure.
a. the United States;
France
b. Poland; France
c. Germany; Britain
d. France;
Czechoslovakia
e. Japan; the United States
D