The three major parts of a cell
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell death that is genetically programmed is known as [a], while cell death which is due to tissue injury is known as [b].
Specified Answer for: a apoptosis
Specified Answer for: b necrosis
[a] are special DNA sequences located at the ends of chromosomes and whose erosion contribues to cellular aging and death.
telomeres
The mRNA base sequence that is complementary to the DNA base sequence ATC would be [a].
UAG
T/F
A small membrane surface area will increase the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane. Correct
Answer: False
Response Feedback:
A LARGE membrane surface area will increase the rate of diffusion across the cell membrane. A small surface area will DECREASE the rate of diffusion...
T/F
The cells created during meiosis are genetically different fromt he original cell.
true
T/F
An important and abundant active mechanism that helps maintain cellular tonicity is the sodium/potassium ATPase pump.
true
If the concentration of solutes int he ECF and ICF are equal, the cells is in a(n) __________________ solution.
isotonic
Which membrane protein is incorrectly matched with its function?
carrier: allows cells to recognize each other and foreign cells.
Place the following steps in protein synthesis in the correct order.
__. protein detaches from ribosome when ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA
__. binding of mRNA to a ribosome's small subunit
__. transcription of a segment of DNA onto mRNA
__. large and small ribosomal subunits join to
__. anticodons of tRNA bind to codons of mRNA
__. amino acids joined by peptide bonds
__. detachment of RNA polymerase after reaching terminator
__. attachment of RNA polymerase at promotor
__. modification of newly synthesized pre-mRNA by snRNPs before leaving the nucleus and entering the cytoplasm
__. initiator tRNA binds to start codon on mRNA
create a functional ribosome
__. specific amino acids attach to tRNA
Correct Order
1. attachment of RNA polymerase at promotor
2. transcription of a segment of DNA onto mRNA
3. detachment of RNA polymerase after reaching terminator
4. modification of newly synthesized pre-mRNA by snRNPs before leaving the nucleus and entering the cytoplasm
5. binding of mRNA to a ribosome's small subunit
6. initiator tRNA binds to start codon on mRNA
7. large and small ribosomal subunits join to create a functional ribosome
8. specific amino acids attach to tRNA
9. anticodons of tRNA bind to codons of mRNA
10. amino acids joined by peptide bonds
11. protein detaches from ribosome when ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA
Which of the following organelles function primarily in decomposition reactions? (1) ribosomes (2) proteasomes (3) lysosomes (4) centrosomes (5) peroxisomes.
2, 3, and 5
Which of the following statements regarding the nucleus are TRUE? (1) Nucleoli within the nucleus are the sites of ribosome synthesis. (2) The nucleus contains the cell's hereditary units (3) The nuclear membrane is a solid, impermeable membrane (4) Protein synthesis occurs within the nucleus. (5) In nondividing cells, DNA is found in the nucleus in the form of chromatin.
1, 2, and 5
Match the following terms of cell division with their definitions.
prophase, meiosis, cytokinesis, mitosis, metaphase, telophase, , interphase, anaphase
________________ somatic cell division resulting in the formation of two identical cells
________________ reproductive cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half
________________ stage when chromatin fibers condense and shorten to form chromosomes
________________ stage when centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at the center of the mitotic spindle
________________ stage when centromeres split and sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
________________ stage when chromosomes uncoil and revert to chromatin
________________ cytoplasmic division
________________ stage of cell division when replication of DNA occurs
Correct Matching
mitosis--somatic cell division resulting in the formation of two identical cells
meiosis--reproductive cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half
prophase--stage when chromatin fibers condense and shorten to form chromosomes
metaphase--stage when centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at the center of the mitotic spindle
anaphase--stage when centromeres split and sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell
telophase--stage when chromosomes uncoil and revert to chromatin
cytokinesis--cytoplasmic division
interphase--stage of cell division when replication of DNA occurs
Match the following organelles with their descriptions.
ribosomes, centrosome, cytoskeleton, rough ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, smooth ER, cilia, proteasomes, vesicles, flagellum
_________________. network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm, providing cellular shape, organization, and movement.
_________________. an organizing center for growth of the mitotic spindle
_________________. sites of protein synthesis
_________________. site where secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized.
_________________. functions in synthesizing fatty acids and steroids, helping liver cells release glucose into the blood-stream, and detoxification.
_________________. modifies, sorts, packages, and transports molecules synthesized in the rough ER
_________________. membrane-enclosed vesicles formed int he Golgi complex that contain strong hydrolytic and digestive enzymes.
________________. membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain enzymes that oxidize various organic substances.
________________. function in ATP generation
________________. short microtubular structures extending from the plasma membrane and involved in movement of materials along the cell's surface.
________________. long microtubular structure extending from the plasma membrane and involved in movement of a cell.
________________. contain enzymes that break apart unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins into small peptides
________________. membrane-bound sacs that transport, transfer, or secrete proteins
Correct Answer for Matching Organelles
cytoskeleton--network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm, providing cellular shape, organization, and movement.
centrosome--an organizing center for growth of the mitotic spindle
ribosomes--sites of protein synthesis
rough ER--site where secretory proteins and membrane molecules are synthesized.
smooth ER--functions in synthesizing fatty acids and steroids, helping liver cells release glucose into the blood-stream, and detoxification.
Golgi complex--modifies, sorts, packages, and transports molecules synthesized int he rough ER
lysosomes--membrane-enclosed vesicles formed int he Golgi complex that contain strong hydrolytic and digestive enzymes.
peroxisomes--membrane-enclosed vesicles that contain enzymes that oxidize various organic substances.
mitochondria--function in ATP generation
cilia--short microtubular structures extending from the plasma membrane and involved in movement of materials along the cell's surface.
flagellum--long microtubular structure extending from the plasma membrane and involved in movement of a cell.
proteasomes--contain enzymes that break apart unneeded, damaged, or faulty proteins into small peptides
vesicles--membrane-bound sacs that transport, transfer, or secrete proteins
Match the following types of movement through a membrane with their descriptions.
facilitated diffusion, osmosis, diffusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, transcytosis, vesicular transport, exocytosis, phagocytosis, primary active transport, secondary active transport, pinocytosis
_________________. the random mixing of particles in a solution due to the kinetic energy of the particles; substances move from high to low concentrations until equilibrium is reached.
_________________. movement of water fom an area of higher to an area of lower water concnetration through a selectively permeable membrane.
_________________. passive transport in which a solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side.
_________________. uses energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP to change the shape of a transporter protein, which "pumps" a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient.
__________________. indirectly uses energy obtained fromt eh breakdown of ATP; involves symporters and antiporters.
__________________. transport of substances either into or out of the cell by means of small, spherical membranous sac formed by budding off from existing membranes.
__________________. type of endocytosis in which large solid particles are taken in.
__________________. type of endocytosis that involves the nonselective uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid
__________________. movement of materials out of the cell by fusing of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane
_________________. process that allows a cell to take specific ligands fromt he ECF by forming vesicles
__________________. vesicular movement involving endocytosis on one side of a cell and subsequent exocytosis on the opposite side of the cell.
Correct Answer for types of movement through a membrane
diffusion--the random mixing of particles in a solution due to the kinetic energy of the particles; substances move from high to low concentrations until equilibrium is reached.
osmosis--movement of water fom an area of higher to an area of lower water concnetration through a selectively permeable membrane.
facilitated diffusion--passive transport in which a solute binds to a specific transporter on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side.
primary active transport--uses energy derived from hydrolysis of ATP to change the shape of a transporter protein, which "pumps" a substance across a cellular membrane against its concentration gradient.
secondary active transport--indirectly uses energy obtained fromt eh breakdown of ATP; involves symporters and antiporters.
vesicular transport--transport of substances either into or out of the cell by means of small, spherical membranous sac formed by budding off from existing membranes.
phagocytosis--type of endocytosis in which large solid particles are taken in.
pinocytosis--type of endocytosis that involves the nonselective uptake of tiny droplets of extracellular fluid
exocytosis--movement of materials out of the cell by fusing of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane
receptor-mediated endocytosis--process that allows a cell to take specific ligands fromt he ECF by forming vesicles
transcytosis--vesicular movement involving endocytosis on one side of a cell and subsequent exocytosis on the opposite side of the cell.