According to Erikson, the major personality attainment of adolescence is __________.
B) identity
Although the seeds of identity formation are planted early, not until
__________ do people
become absorbed in this task.
C) late adolescence and early adulthood
Eighteen-year-old Gisela stopped attending her church youth group and
Sunday services, and,
contrary to her conservative parents’
beliefs, became immersed in a liberal political movement.
Two
months later, she lost interest in the movement and joined a new
church. According to
Erikson, Gisela is experiencing __________.
A) an identity crisis
Once formed, identity __________.
B) continues to be refined in adulthood
According to Erikson, if the psychological conflict of adolescence is
resolved negatively, a
young person experiences __________.
D) role confusion
For most young people, identity development __________.
C) is a process of exploration followed by commitment
During adolescence, the young person’s vision of self becomes __________.
B) more well-organized
Which individual is the most likely to describe herself as “shy,”
“outgoing,” and “a smart
airhead?”
B) 13-year-old Evangelina
By late adolescence, cognitive changes enable teenagers describing
themselves to
__________.
D) combine their traits into an organized system
Which statement exemplifies 15-year-old Noah’s awareness that
psychological qualities can
vary from one situation to the next?
B) “I have a fairly quick temper.”
Seventeen-year-old Amberly is likely to place more emphasis on
__________ in her self-
description than 12-year-old Corey.
A) social virtues
Landon’s parents wonder how his self-esteem will differentiate in
adolescence. Which
dimensions of self-evaluation is he likely to
add to those of middle childhood?
A) close friendship, romantic appeal, and job competence
Fourteen-year-old Wesley’s self-esteem is likely to __________ from
mid- to late
adolescence.
B) rise
Which parenting style is predictive of high self-esteem in adolescence?
C) authoritative
Laurent plans to major in engineering in college. When asked if he
might change his career
path, he responds, “I might, but I doubt
it. I’ve spent a lot of time studying my options. I’m
pretty sure
engineering is right for me.” Laurent is demonstrating identity __________.
D) achievement
Individuals in identity moratorium __________.
A) have not yet made definite commitments
Emelia accepts her family’s religious beliefs without question. She
has never reconsidered
them. She is characterized by identity __________.
B) foreclosure
Identity-diffused individuals __________.
D) are not actively trying to reach values and goals
When asked about his political beliefs, Paolo responds, “Oh, I don’t
know. It doesn’t make
much difference to me.” Paolo is
demonstrating identity __________.
C) diffusion
The process of identity formation typically involves __________.
A) in-depth exploration and reconsideration
College students usually __________.
C) make more identity progress than they did in high school because
college offers opportunities
for exploration
Both identity __________ and __________ are psychologically healthy
routes to mature self-
definition.
D) moratorium; achievement
At times, Drucilla is anxious and depressed about finding
commitments, but she uses an
active, information-gathering
cognitive style to make personal decisions and solve problems:
She
seeks out relevant information, evaluates it carefully, and
critically reflects on her views.
Drucilla is experiencing
identity __________.
B) moratorium
Identity-foreclosed individuals __________.
C) display a dogmatic, inflexible cognitive style
__________ individuals are the least mature in identity development.
A) Long-term diffused
Eighteen-year-old Hershel assumes that absolute truth is always
attainable. Hershel is
probably __________.
D) identity-foreclosed
Young people who __________ tend to have committed to values and
goals and are on their
way to identity achievement.
A) feel attached to their parents but also free to voice their own opinions
Teenagers with __________ are more involved in exploring relationship
issues, such as what
they value in close friends and in a life partner.
C) warm, trusting peer ties
In a Canadian study asking 12- to 20-year-olds to justify why they
regarded themselves as
the same continuous person, Native
Canadian youths __________.
B) emphasized a constantly transforming self, resulting from new roles and relationships
Xiao is an adolescent immigrant from a culture that values
interdependent qualities. The
longer his family has been in the
United States, the less Xiao feels committed to obeying
his
parents and fulfilling family obligations. As a result, Xiao
may experience __________.
A) acculturative stress
Which strategy helps minority adolescents resolve identity conflicts constructively?
C) Ensure that schools respect minority youths’ native languages.
Biculturally identified adolescents tend to __________.
B) have especially positive relations with members of other ethnic groups
Which statement about Lawrence Kohlberg’s well-known “Heinz dilemma” is true?
C) It is the way an individual reasons about the dilemma that determines moral maturity.
At Kohlberg’s preconventional level, individuals __________.
A) accept the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences
Gilles finds it difficult to consider two points of view when
presented with the “Heinz
dilemma.” He tends to overlook people’s
intentions and, instead, focuses on fear of authority
and
avoidance of punishment as reasons for behaving morally.
Gilles is at which of Kohlberg’s
stages of moral development?
A) Stage 1, the punishment and obedience orientation
At Kohlberg’s Stage 2 of moral development, children __________.
D) view right action as flowing from self-interest and understand
reciprocity as equal exchange
of favors
Emma believes that actively maintaining the current social system
ensures positive
relationships and societal order. She is at
Kohlberg’s __________ level.
B) conventional
In response to the “Heinz dilemma,” Marlee says, “No one will think
you’re bad if you steal
the drug, but your family will think
you’re an inhumane husband if you don’t. If you let your
wife
die, you’ll never be able to look anyone in the face again.” Marlee is
at which of Kohlberg’s
stages of moral development?
C) Stage 3, the “good boy–good girl” orientation
In response to the “Heinz dilemma,” Dolph states, “Even if his wife
is dying, it is still
Heinz’s duty as a citizen to obey the law.
If everyone started breaking the law, there’d be no
civilization,
just crime and violence.” Dolph is at which of Kohlberg’s stages of moral
development?
B) Stage 4, the social-order-maintaining orientation
Individuals at Kohlberg’s postconventional level __________.
C) define morality in terms of abstract principles and values that apply to all societies
At Kohlberg’s Stage __________, individuals can imagine alternatives
to their own social
order, and they emphasize fair procedures for
interpreting and changing the law.
C) 5, the social contract orientation
In response to the “Heinz dilemma,” Ruby explains, “It doesn’t make
sense to put respect for
property above respect for life itself.
Respect for human life is absolute.” Ruby is at which
of
Kohlberg’s stages of moral development?
D) Stage 6, the universal ethical principle orientation
Kohlberg’s original research and other longitudinal studies confirm
that with few exceptions,
individuals __________.
B) move through his first four stages in the predicted order
Although Kohlberg proposes six stages of moral development, __________.
A) few people move beyond Stage 4
According to one reexamination of Kohlberg’s stages, __________.
C) moral maturity can be found in a revised understanding of Stages 3 and 4
The influence of situational factors on moral judgments indicates
that like Piaget’s cognitive
stages, Kohlberg’s moral stages are __________.
D) loosely organized and overlapping
Gilligan argues that Kohlberg’s theory of moral understanding __________.
A) does not adequately represent the morality of girls and women
On hypothetical dilemmas as well as everyday moral problems,
adolescent and adult females
__________.
C) display reasoning at the same stage as their male agemates, and often at a higher stage
Some evidence indicates that although the morality of males and
females taps both care and
justice, __________.
B) males more than females tend to focus equally on justice and care
In diverse Western and non-Western cultures, parent‒child disputes
over __________
increase during the teenage years.
C) personal affairs
With age, teenagers __________.
D) increasingly defend the government’s right to limit individual
freedom to engage in risky
behaviors, in the interest of the
larger public good
Adolescents who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning.
B) more often participate in conversations with their friends
Moral reasoning typically progresses to Kohlberg’s higher stages the
longer a person
__________.
C) remains in school
Which statement about the influence of schooling on moral reasoning is true?
D) College students who report more perspective-taking opportunities
tend to be advanced in
moral reasoning.
College students who __________ are advanced in moral reasoning.
B) indicate they are more aware of social diversity
Responses to moral dilemmas in both village societies and
industrialized cultures that highly
value interdependence
__________ than in North America and Western Europe.
C) are more other-directed
Higher-stage moral thinkers __________.
D) more often defend victims of injustice
The connection between more mature moral reasoning and action is __________.
C) modest
In a study of low-SES African-American and Hispanic teenagers, those
who emphasized
__________ in their self-descriptions displayed
exceptional levels of community service.
A) moral traits and goals
Which factor is likely to strengthen moral identity?
B) community service
About 70 percent of Americans __________.
B) rate religion as very important in their lives
Compared with nonaffiliated youths, teenagers who remain part of a
religious community are
__________.
C) advantaged in moral values and behavior
According to the pragmatic approach to morality, __________.
A) everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals
Seventeen-year-old Saffron strives to rely on herself and not on her
parents for decision
making. Saffron is developing __________.
C) autonomy
Although 15-year-old Darnell does not yet make many independent
decisions, he is relying
more on himself and less on his parents
for support and guidance. Darnell is developing the
__________
component of adolescent autonomy.
C) emotional
Seventeen-year-old Inez carefully weighs her own judgment and the
suggestions of others to
arrive at a personally satisfying,
well-reasoned independent decision. Inez has developed
the
__________ component of adolescent autonomy.
A) behavioral
An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads teenagers to __________.
B) view their parents as “just people”
Effective parenting of adolescents strikes a balance between __________ and __________.
B) connection; separation
Parents who __________ interfere with the development of autonomy.
C) are psychologically controlling
Which factor or set of factors is linked to a variety of favorable
outcomes, such as prevention
of delinquency, reduction in sexual
activity, improved school performance, and positive
psychological well-being?
B) consistent parental monitoring of daily activities, through a
cooperative relationship in which
the adolescent willingly
discloses information
In cultures that place a high priority on interdependence, __________.
A) teenagers view autonomy as self-endorsed decision making
Throughout adolescence, __________ is the single most consistent
predictor of mental
health.
A) the quality of the parent–child relationship
Mild to moderate family conflict __________.
C) informs parents of teenagers’ changing needs, signaling a need for
adjustments in the parent–
child relationship
The reduced time that Western teenagers spend with their parents results from __________.
D) the large amount of unstructured time available to teenagers
Parents who __________ usually find it easier to grant teenagers
appropriate autonomy and
experience less conflict with them.
C) are financially secure and content with their marriages
During adolescence, sibling __________.
A) relationships often become less intense, in both positive and negative feelings
Throughout adolescence, __________.
C) attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people
Number of best friends declines from about __________ in early
adolescence to __________
in adulthood.
C) four to six; one or two
Sonja, age 15, is likely to report that the most important
characteristic of friendship is
__________.
D) intimacy
__________ rises over the adolescent years.
A) Self-disclosure between friends
Adolescents are less __________ their friends than they were in childhood.
B) possessive of
In a study in which ethnically diverse boys from low-income families
were asked to describe
their friendships, __________ boys were
more likely than others to resist conforming to gender
stereotypes.
A) Hispanic
When focusing on deeper thoughts and feelings, adolescent friends
Glenda and Svetlana
repeatedly mull over problems and negative
emotions, which sometimes triggers anxiety and
depression. Glenda
and Svetlana are demonstrating __________.
C) corumination
__________ is the preferred means of electronic interaction between teenage friends.
A) Texting
Which statement about cell phones and the Internet is true?
C) Girls call their friends more often than boys.
Very high social media use is linked to __________.
B) boredom and depression
Which statement about adolescent friendships is true?
B) Close friendships provide a foundation for future intimate relationships.
Twelve-year-old Iola spends most of her time with a group of six
girls who are friends and
have similar family backgrounds,
attitudes, interests, and values. This group is Isabel’s
__________.
C) clique
“Brains,” “jocks,” “populars,” and “druggies” are typical examples of teenage __________.
B) crowds
Membership in a crowd is based on __________.
C) reputation and stereotype
As adolescents settle on personal values and goals, __________.
B) crowds decline in importance
Early adolescents tend to mention __________ as a reason for dating.
A) achieving peer status
Early dating __________.
C) is related to delinquency and poor academic achievement
Which statement about adolescent dating is true?
A) Security of attachment to parents and friends predicts gratifying
romantic ties among sexual
minority teens.
Mr. Contreras is concerned about his 17-year-old daughter, who has
been exchanging text
messages with one particular boy. You should
tell him that __________.
B) close romantic ties among older teenagers promote self-esteem and identity progress
The most common psychological problem of adolescence is __________.
D) depression
Adolescents are __________ likely than younger children to __________.
B) more; remain depressed when reassessed at older ages
Teenage girls are twice as likely as boys to __________.
A) report persistent depressed mood
Twin studies indicate that depression is __________ heritable.
C) moderately
Which statement about gender differences in adolescent depression is true?
B) Girls with either an androgynous or a “masculine” gender identity
show low rates of
depressive symptoms.
The suicide rate is low in __________, intermediate in __________,
and high in
__________.
A) Spain; the United States; Finland
The number of boys who __________ exceeds the number of girls by a ratio of over 4 to 1.
B) kill themselves
Which teenager is at the highest risk for suicide?
A) Lakota, a Native-American boy
__________ attempt suicide three times as often as other adolescents.
B) Sexual minority youths
Which factor contributes to the sharp rise in suicide from childhood to adolescence?
A) belief in the personal fable
Which statement about teen suicide is true?
C) Teenage suicides often occur in clusters, with one death
increasing the likelihood of others
among depressed peers.
When asked directly and confidentially about lawbreaking, __________
teenagers admit to
having committed some sort of offense—usually
a minor crime, such as petty stealing or
disorderly conduct.
D) almost all
Police arrests and self-reports show that delinquency __________.
B) rises over adolescence and then declines from the early twenties on
Serious violent crime is __________.
C) mostly the domain of boys
Delinquent youths, regardless of SES and ethnicity, often experience
parenting that is
__________.
B) high in conflict
As a child, David was negative, restless, willful, and physically
aggressive. By age 8, he
was already engaging in petty theft.
Jason was a happy child who did well in school but
began
displaying antisocial behavior around age 13, and gradually
moved to more severe delinquent
acts. Which statement is true?
C) David is at higher risk for leading a life-course pattern of aggression and criminality.
With regard to adolescent delinquency, early-onset youths __________.
D) usually inherit traits that predispose them to aggressiveness
The longer antisocial young people spend in prison, the more likely they are to __________.
A) sustain a life of crime
Some studies on zero tolerance policies have found that they __________,
D) heighten school dropout and antisocial behavior
Multisystemic therapy aimed at preventing delinquency __________.
B) leads to improvement in parent–adolescent relationships and school performance