T/F Alluvial fans develop at unusual locations where stream gradients abruptly increase for a short distance.
false
T/F Gradients usually decrease downstream in a major river system.
true
T/F Alluvium refers to stream deposits, mainly sand and gravel.
true
T/F The lowest base level for most streams is sea level.
true
T/F Natural levees are constructed by machine-compacted sand and mud; artificial levees are made of concrete.
false
T/F Point bars are depositional features located along the outer portions of meander bends.
false
T/F Rapids and waterfalls are characteristic of laterally cutting streams.
false
T/F After a meander is cut off, the gradient through the newly formed cutoff is steeper than the gradient along the abandoned meander loop.
true
T/F The lower Mississippi river has the largest discharge of any river in North America.
true
T/F Stream discharge is defined as the quantity of water flowing past a specific channel location per unit time.
true
T/F Urbanization lowers peak discharges on small streams by routing the runoff directly to the stream.
false
T/F A stream flowing out from a lake cannot downcut below the water surface elavation of the lake.
false
T/F Evapotranspiration and average velocity are both important components of the hydrologic cycle.
false
T/F Most precipitation in land areas originates by transpiration and by evaporation from lakes and rivers.
false
T/F A V-shaped valley and no floodplain indicate a youthful downcutting stream.
true
T/F Lateral cutting and deposition are important factors in floodplain development.
true
T/F With the passage of time, deposition and erosion gradually shorten the channel length of a meander loop.
false
T/F Forest beds are part of a deltaic, depositional sequence.
true
T/F For the same discharge, gradient and channel cross-section, a stream with a boulder-strewn bed would be more turbulent than one with a sandy bed.
true
T/F The lower most distal portion of the modern Mississippi delta is a typical bird-foot delta.
true
____ is the quantity of water flowing past a certain stream cross-section per unit time.
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
discharge
What stream characteristic is measured by the size of the largest particle that a stream can move?
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
competency
____ refers to sediments deposited from streams.
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
alluvium
Which component of the hydrologic cycle describes the recharge of water to the soil and groundwater systems?
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
infiltration
The lowest elevation limiting stream erosion is called ____.
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
base level
____ is the boundary line separating adjacent, stream drainage basins.
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
stream divide
____ is the release of water vapor to the atmosphere by plants.
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
transpiration
____ is defined as the drop in elevation of the stream surface divided by the distance the water flows.
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
gradient
____ is the total quantity of sediment carried by a river.
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
capacity
____ is the sediment transport mode in which sand grains alternately bounce up into the water column, sink, and roll or skip along the bottom before bouncing again.
a) alluvium
b) sinkhole
c) competency
d) transpiration
e) capacity
ab) saltation
ac) stream divide
ad) base level
ae) gradient
bc) infiltration
bd) discharge
be) bird-foot
ce) spring
saltation
What is the drop in water surface elevation divided by the distance the water flows?
a) stream discharge
b) hydraulic capacity
c) hydrologic resistance
d) stream gradient
stream gradient
The ____ river has the largest discharge of any in the world.
a) Nile
b) Mississippi
c) Congo
d) Amazon
Amazon
Which of the following is the correct definition of stream gradient?
a) the distance traveled by water in a channel times a drop in elevation
b) the drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels
c) the water pressure at the bottom of a stream divided by the streams width
d) the increase in discharge of a stream per unit drop in elevation.
the drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels
A ____ stream pattern is developed only on growing mountains like volcaoes or where the land surface is tectonically doming upwards.
a) radial
b) dendritic
c) boreal
d) trellis
radial
A ____ stream pattern develops on lands underlain by tilted or folded, alternating hard and soft, sedimentary strata.
a) dendritic
b) radial
c) trellis
d) boreal
trellis
____ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.
a) a builtrail
b) an oxbow
c) a cowhock
d) a gatorback
an oxbow
____ are characteristics of downcutting streams and a youthful stage of valley evolution.
a) rapids and lots of whitewater
b) wide floodplains
c) a U-shaped cross-valley profile
d) meandering channels and lots of levees
rapids and lots of whitewater
How does urbanization (paving etc.) affect runoff and infiltration in a small previously forested, drainage basin?
a) both decrease
b) runof decreases, infiltration increases
c) both increase
d) infiltration decreases runoff increases
infiltration decreases, runoff increases
Which one if the following statements is correct?
a) sea level drops when water is stored in expanding icesheets and continental glaciers
b) sea level rises when water is added to the oceans through increased and icreased inflow from rivers
c) sea level drops when evaporation rates increase iver the oceans and when this extra atmosheric moisture falls on land as rain.
d) sea level rises when water is stored in expanding icesheeta and continental glaciers
sea level drops when water is stored in expanding icesheets and continental glaciers
A natural, meandering, river channel is modified into a more or less straight and smooth cannal-like channel. Which of the following statement is correct?
a) the natural channel had a lower gradient and less friction than the modified channel
b) the straight channel has a higher gradient and more friction than the natural channel
c) the natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel.
d) all of the above statement are true
the natural channel had a lower gradient and higher friction than the straight channel
Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams?
a) sea level drops; land subsides
b) sea level falls; land rises
c) sea level rises; land subsides
d) sea level rises; land rises
sea level falls; land rises
____ make up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams.
a) dissolved ions and sand
b) dissolved salts
c) silt and clay-sized detrital grains
d) sand and gravel that move during floods
silt and clay-sized detrital grains
____ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream.
a) capacity
b) discharge
c) competence
d)hydro-load factor
capacity
At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as ____.
a) endotributaries
b) exotributaries
c) distributaries
d) cotributaries
distributaries
Why is a bird-foot delta, like that of the present day Mississippi below New Orleans, likely to change naturally toward one with the shape of an equilateral triangle like the upper-case, Greek letter delta (Δ)?
a) present day distributaries have higher gradients than potential new ones.
b) potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than existing channels.
c) potential, new, distributary channels have higher gradients causing downcutting of the existing channels
d) increased sediment loads, since the mid 19th century, have caused the major distributaries to be filled with sand.
potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than steeper channels