___________ is the physiological process that moves a nutrient from
the outside to the inside of the body.
A.
Ingestion
B. Compaction
C. Digestion
D.
Absorption
E. SecretionAbsorption
D
The serous membranes that suspend the stomach and intestines from the
abdominal wall are called
A. mesenteries.
B.
mucosae.
C. submucosae.
D. muscularis mucosae.
E.
muscularis externa.
A
These nutrients are all absorbed without being digested except
A. water.
B. vitamins.
C. proteins.
D.
minerals.
E. cholesterol.
C
These are all accessory organs of the digestive system except
A. tongue.
B. liver.
C. pancreas.
D. salivary
glands.
E. spleen.
E
Each of the
following lists some of the tissue layers of the digestive tract.
Which one has them in correct order from lumen to external surface?
A. lamina propria,
muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
B. serosa,
lamina propria, submucosa, muscularis mucosae, muscularis
externa
C. mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis mucosae, muscularis externa, lamina propria
D. mucosa,
muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis externa, lamina
propria
E. mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, lamina propria, serosa
A
The small intestine is suspended from the abdominal wall by
A. the falciform ligament.
B. the mesentery.
C. the
greater omentum.
D. the lesser omentum.
E. the esophageal hiatus.
B
Chemical digestion breaks down ____________ into _____________.
A. proteins; nucleotides
B. amino acids;
proteins
C. polysaccharides; amino acids
D. nucleic acids;
nucleotides
E. fatty acids; cholesterol
D
The ___________
regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow, and
its neurons are found in the ____________.
A. autonomic
nervous system; serosa
B. central nervous
system; muscularis externa and muscularis mucosae
C. enteric nervous
system; submucosa and muscularis externa
D. visceral sensory
division; muscularis externa and submucosa
E. visceral motor
division; mucosa and submucosa
C
The surface of the
tongue is covered with ____________ stratified squamous epithelium,
and has bumps called __________________, site of taste buds.
A.
keratinized; lingual papillae
B. keratinized; lingual
frenulum
C. nonkeratinized;
lingual papillae
D. nonkeratinized;
tonsils
E. nonkeratinized;
vallate papillae
C
Infants have ________________ deciduous teeth, whereas adults have
________________ permanent teeth.
A. 20; 32
B. 16;
20
C. 28; 20
D. 32; 20
E. 32; 32
A
From superficial to deep, these are the structures found in a typical
tooth.
A. cementum, root canal, enamel
B. enamel,
root canal, dentin
C. dentin, enamel, cementum
D. enamel,
dentin, pulp
E. crown, enamel, dentin
D
These are normally found in saliva except
A. mucus.
B. lysozyme.
C. amylase.
D. lipase.
E. protease.
E
The ______________ gland is an extrinsic salivary gland, whereas the
______________ gland is an intrinsic salivary gland.
A.
lingual; labial
B. submandibular; lingual
C.
submandibular; sublingual
D. sublingual; parotid
E.
lingual; sublingual
B
The swallowing center is located in
A. the mouth.
B. the oropharynx.
C. the esophagus.
D. the medulla
oblongata.
E. the enteric nervous system.
D
The buccal phase of swallowing is under _____________ control and the
pharyngo-esophageal phase is ______________.
A. central
nervous system; also controlled by the central nervous system
B.
central nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
C.
autonomic nervous system; controlled by autonomic reflexes
D.
voluntary; also voluntary
E. involuntary; also involuntary
A
Acid reflux into the esophagus ("heartburn") is normally
prevented by
A. pharyngeal constrictors.
B. the
upper esophageal sphincter.
C. the lower esophageal sphincter
(LES).
D. esophageal glands.
E. pharyngeal and buccal sphincters.
C
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is secreted by ____________ cells.
A. mucous
B. regenerative (stem)
C. parietal
D.
chief
E. enteroendocrine
C
____________, which is secreted by ___________ cells, is necessary
for Vitamin B12 absorption.
A. Intrinsic factor;
parietal
B. Bile salts; chief
C. Lecithin; hepatic
D.
Hydrochloric acid; parietal
E. Enterokinase; mucous
A
Pepsinogen is
produced by ____________ and is activated by ___________.
A.
chief cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH) secreted by parietal
cells
B. chief cells;
hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted by parietal cells
C. parietal cells;
hydrochloric acid (HCl) secreted by chief cells
D. parietal cells;
carbonic anhydrase (CAH) secreted by chief cells
E. enteroendocrine
cells; carbonic anhydrase (CAH) secreted by parietal cells
B
Why are several
digestive enzymes secreted as zymogens?
A. because this
saves one step in their synthesis
B. because gastric
cells do not have the necessary enzymes for their synthesis
C. so they
start digesting intracellular proteins of the gastric cells more
quickly
D. so they act only in
the stomach lumen and do not digest intracellular proteins
E. so they
can start digesting dietary proteins more quickly
D
The enterogastric
reflex serves to
A. relax the stomach in
preparation for swallowed food.
B. stimulate acid and
enzyme secretion when food enters the stomach.
C. stimulate intestinal
motility when there is food in the stomach.
D. inhibit gastric
motility when there is chyme in the small intestine.
E. relax the
ileocecal valve when chyme is on its way to the colon.
D
______________ is a hormone, whereas ________________ is an enzyme.
A. Enterokinase; pepsin
B. Gastrin;
secretin
C. Gastrin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
D. Gastric
lipase; histamine
E. Secretin; pepsin
E
_____________ is associated with food stretching the stomach and
activating myenteric and vagovagal reflexes, which in turn stimulate
gastric secretions.
A. The cephalic phase
B. The
gastric phase
C. The intestinal phase
D. The
gastrointestinal phase
E. The mesenteric phase
B
The organ that stores excess glucose and releases it later into the
blood is
A. the pancreas.
B. the stomach.
C.
the liver.
D. the spleen.
E. the small intestine.
C
A hepatic (portal)
triad consists of
A. right, left, and
common hepatic ducts.
B. common hepatic duct,
cystic duct, and bile duct.
C. the hepatic portal
vein and two hepatic ducts.
D. bile ductule, branch
of hepatic artery, and branch of hepatic portal vein.
E. a central
vein, hepatic lobule, and hepatic sinusoid.
D
Of the following components of bile, only _____________ has/have a
digestive function.
A. bile salts
B. bilirubin
C. cholesterol
D. phospholipids
E. neutral fats
A
The _______________ synthesizes bile acids by metabolizing
____________________.
A. duodenum; neutral fats
B.
ileum; bilirubin
C. gallbladder; cholesterol
D. pancreas;
bile salts
E. liver; cholesterol
E
Pancreatic enzymes are secreted in response to the hormone
A. insulin.
B. cholecystokinin (CCK).
C.
secretin.
D. glucagon.
E. gastrin.
B
Which of these is not a component of the pancreatic juice?
A. trypsinogen
B. chymotrypsinogen
C.
deoxyribonuclease
D. sodium bicarbonate
E. enterokinase
E
Which of these nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small
intestine?
A. triglycerides
B. amino acids
C.
glucose
D. minerals
E. water-soluble vitamins
A
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
A. salivary amylase
B. pancreatic amylase
C. pepsin
D. trypsin
E. dipeptidase
C
Which of these is the site of contact digestion?
A.
gastric pits
B. surface of the gastric mucosa
C. intestinal
crypts
D. brush border of the small intestine
E. cytoplasm
in the cells of the small intestine
D
The small intestine has a very large absorptive surface associated
with all these structures except
A. circular folds
(plicae circulares).
B. intestinal length.
C.
microvilli.
D. villi.
E. rugae.
E
The migrating motor complex
A. milks the chyme toward
the colon.
B. allows a bolus to move down the esophagus.
C.
churns and mixes residue in the descending colon.
D. churns and
mixes a bolus with gastric juices.
E. propels pancreatic juice
down the pancreatic duct.
A
The ______________ of the small intestine is/are similar to the
_________________ of the stomach.
A. villi; pyloric
glands
B. rugae; Peyer patches
C. intestinal crypts; gastric
pits
D. goblet cells; parietal cells
E. pyloric sphincter;
ileocecal valve
C
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ______________, whereas protein
digestion begins in the ______________.
A. liver; small
intestine
B. small intestine; stomach
C. mouth;
stomach
D. mouth; small intestine
E. stomach; small intestine
B
____________ break(s) down _______________.
A. Lactase;
glucose
B. Peptidases; proteins
C. Lipases;
micelles
D. Lactose; lactase
E. Nucleases; nucleotides
B
The sodium-glucose
transport protein (SGLP)
A. is a uniport
carrier.
B. is an antiport
carrier.
C. uses solvent drag to
transport glucose and sodium.
D. transports glucose
and sodium from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial
cells.
E. transports glucose
from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells, and sodium in
the opposite direction.
D
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ____________, and
fatty acids are absorbed in the _______________.
A.
small intestine; large intestine
B. small intestine;
liver
C. stomach; small intestine
D. stomach; large
intestine
E. small intestine; small intestine too
E
Lecithin prepares fats for hydrolysis by forming
A.
triglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol.
B. low density
lipoproteins (LDL).
C. chylomicrons.
D. emulsification
droplets.
E. micelles.
D
Proteins are
digested by different enzymes acting in the following sequence
A. pepsin, trypsin,
carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase.
B. pepsin, trypsin,
dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase.
C. trypsin, pepsin,
carboxypeptidase, dipeptidase.
D. trypsin, pepsin,
dipeptidase, carboxypeptidase.
E. dipeptidase,
carboxypeptidase, pepsin, trypsin.
A
___________ transport lipids to the surface of the intestinal
absorptive cells, which process them into _________________.
A. Fat droplets; micelles
B. Fat droplets;
chylomicrons
C. Micelles; fat globules
D. Micelles;
chylomicrons
E. Fat globules; micelles
D
The three most abundant classes of nutrients are
A.
carbohydrates, proteins, and minerals.
B. fats, proteins, and
carbohydrates.
C. proteins, nucleic acids, and
carbohydrates.
D. triglycerides, starches, and proteins.
E.
proteins, fats, and minerals.
B
The muscle tone of the ________________ along the colon contracts it
lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called
_______________.
A. circular folds; ceca
B. taeniae
coli; haustra
C. haustra; taeniae coli
D. internal
sphincters; omental (epiploic) appendages
E. internal sphincters; ceca
B
Bacterial flora carry out all of the following except
A.
digest most of the proteins we get in the diet.
B. synthesize
vitamin K.
C. produce some of the gases found in flatus.
D.
digest cellulose.
E. form part of the feces.
A
Bacteria constitute about __________% of the dry weight of the feces.
A. 2
B. 14
C. 30
D. 55
E. 80
C
Defecation is stimulated by
A. the chemical composition
of the feces.
B. bacterial flora in the feces.
C. water
content of the feces.
D. lipid content in the feces.
E.
stretching of the rectum.
E
the _______________ regulates the flow of contents from stomach to the duodenum
A. gastric rugae
B. antrum
C.pyloric spintcher
D.
fundic region
C
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?
A. Circular folds (plicae circulares)
B. Intestinal
length
C. Microvilli
D. taste buds
D
The movement of colonic contents from one puckered section to another is called __________.
A. the gastrocolic reflex
B. the duodenocolic reflex
C.
mass movement
D. haustral contraction
D
A 41 Y/O Female comes to the ER with abdominal pain in her right
upper quadrant(RUQ) that refers to her right shoulder blade. the
patient is obese andher clinical history shows she is taking birth
control pill what is the most likely diagnosis
A. gallstones
B. kidney stones
C. prostate cancer
D. breast cancer
A
the following are exocrine enzymes produced by the pancreas except
A. glucagon
B. lipase
C. amylase
D. protease
A
substances lie asprine and cortisol can cause gastric ulcers by
A. inhibiting the production of HCL in the duodenum
B.
inhibiting the production of mucus in the ascending colon
C.
inhibiting the production of mucus in the stomach
D. inhibiting
the production of gastrin in the rectum
C
breakdown of erythrocytes by the spleen will produce ________ which will be then process by the ________ for easier degradation
A. bilirubin ; liver
B. bilirubin ; small intestine
C.
insulin ; pancreas
D. glucagon ; gallbladder
A
a 40 year old male with long history of alcoholism is admitted to the hospital . upon examination the physician notices hepatomegaly ascites and icteric pigmentation visibile on the skin and sclera the reason is :
A. the pancreas is obstructed and not making enough bilirubin
B. the large intestine is wide open and making too much HCL
C. the liver is not making albumin and the portal vein is
obstructed
D. the stomach is obstructed and producing too much mucus
C
why is this patient showing icteric pigmentation
A. Because bilirubin is building up as a consequence of colon cancer
B. because gastrin is building up as a consequence of stomach
cancer
C. because bilirubin is building up as a consequence of
liver cirrhosis
D. because intrinsic factor is building up as a
consequence of esophageal cancer
C