absolute refractory period

the neuron cannot respond to a second stimulus, no matter how strong

depolarrization

the interior of the cell becomes less negative due to an influx of sodium ions

repolarizaztion

the specific period during which potassium ions diffuse out of the neuron due to a change in membrane permeability

action potential

also called a nerve impulse transmitted by axons

relative refractory period

an exceptionally strong stimulus can trigger a response

trigger zone

area where nerve impulse in generated

receptive region

receives stimulus

conducting region

plasma membrane exhibits voltage-gated Na⁺ and K⁺ channels

secretory region

plasma membrane exhibits voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels

secretory zone

axon terminals release neurotransmitters

secretory region

plasma membrane exhibits chemically gated ion channels

false

the all-or-none phenomenon as applied to nerve conduction states that the whole nerve cell must be stimulated for conduction to take place

true

reflexes are rapid, automatic responses to stimuli

true

efferent nerve fibers may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system

true

cell bodies of sensory neurons may be located in ganglia lying outside the central nervous system

true

myelination of the nerve fibers in the central nervous system in the job of the oligodendrocytes

false

strong stimuli cause the amplitude of action potentials generated to increase

true

the oligodendrocytes can myelinate several axons

true

in myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranviver

true

large-diameter nerve fibers conduct impulse much faster than small diameter fibers

true

a stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane

ependymal cells

what are ciliated CNS neuroglia that play an active role in moving the cerebrospinal fluid called?

mitotic

which is NOT a special characteristic of neurons?

conduct impulse

extreme longevity

mitotic

exceptionally high metabolic rate

the myosin sheath

saltatory conduction is made possible by_____

hyperpolarization

an inhibitory postnynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with _____

oligodendrocytes

Schwann cells are functionally similar to _____

increase amplitude as move away from stimulus point

which is NOT true for graded potentials?

short lived

can form on receptor ending

increase amplitude as move away from stimulus point

membrane potential has been reestablished

second nerve impulse CANNOT be generated until

negatively charged and contains less sodium

interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? the inferior is ____

the impulse would spread bidirectionally

if a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of axon

thalamus

major relay station for sensory information ascending to primary sensory area of the cerebral cortex. contains many nuclei

prefrontal area

brain area that associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, and conscience

primary motor cortex

axon from this area form major pyramidal tract

hypothalamus

this area is maintain the main visceral control of the body

stage 4

the stage when vital signs (blood pressure, heart rate, and body temperature) each their lowest normal levels

REM

indicated by movement of the eyes under lids, dreaming occurs

stage 3

theta and beta waved begin to appear

show alpha wages; may even deny asleep

easy to awake; EEG

stage 2

typified by sleep spindle

REM

begin bout 90 min after onset of sleep

REM

necessary for emotional health; may contribute neutral "debugging"

thalamus

gateway to the cerebrum

cerebellum

motor command center

brain stem

survival center

cerebrum

executive suite

hypothalamus

visceral command center

true

NREM sleep normally exhibits 4 distinct stages, which appear to alternate

true

petit mal seizures found in children generally go away with age

false

specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific area called domains, whereas memory and language overlapping domains

true

flat EEG is good indication of deep sleep

true

corpora quadrigemina and superior colliculi are auditory reflex center

true

cell body of somatic motor neurons of spinal nerve are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord

true

meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons

true

adult spinal cord ends between L₁ and L₂

true

cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space

true

the term fainting and syncope described the same thing

true

1st obvious sign that the nervous system is forming in the embryo is the thickening of the surface ectoderm to form the neural plate

true

the left cerebral hemisphere is usually dominant

true

the limbic system acts as your emotional, or effective, brain

true

disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei

true

most of the ascending pathways to and from the brain cross over from one side of the body to other.

true

one functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing

true

embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the midbrain

cerebellar white matter

the arbor vitae refers to

midbrain, medulla, and pons

brain stem consists of the_____

temporal lope

primary auditory cortex is located in the ____

ependymal cells

what cells line the vetricles of the brain?

arachnoid and pia

subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?

medullla

vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration and blood pressure are located in the _____

dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in _____

longitudinal fissure

which fissure separates the cererbral hemipheres?

sulcus

a shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called ___

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

the white matter of the spinal cord contains ____

paeaplegia

an individual accidentally transected the spinal cord between T1 and L1

is considered a motor speech area

Broca's area

plantar

tests both uper and lower motor pathways. the sole of the foot is stimulated with a dull in strument

crossed-extensor

consists of an ipsilateral withdrawal reflexes and a contralateral extensor reflex, importantmaintaining balance

flexor

produce a rapid withdrawal of the body part form a painful stimulus; ipsilateral

stretch

prevents muscle overstretching and maintains muscle tone

golgi tendon

produces muscle relaxation and lengthening in response to tension; the contracting muscle relaxes as its antagonist activated

lumbar plexus

obturator and femoral nerves branch from this plexus

branchial pelxus

striking the "funny bone" (ulnar nerve) may cause injury to a nerve of this plexus

branchial plexus

trauma to a nerve of this plexus may cause wrist drop

sacral plexus

a fall or improper administration of an injection to the buttocks may injure a nerve of this flexus

golgi tendon

the phrenic nerve branches from this plexus

false

TRUE OR FALSE

there are 41 pairs of spinal nerve

false

TRUE OR FALSE

the glossopharyngeal nerve is the only cranial nerve that contains sensory fibers

true

TRUE OR FALSE

the musculocutaneous nerve is the major nerve of the brachial plexus

true

TRUE OR FALSE

the second cranial nerve forms a chaisma at the base of the brain for partial crossover of the neutral fibers

true

TRUE OR FALSE

the only cranial nerve form to extend beyond the head and neck region are the vagus nerves

false

TRUE OR FALSE

the dorsal ramus consists only of motor fiber bringing information to theh spinal cord

true

TRUE OR FALSE

dermatomes are skin segments that relate to sensory innervation to the spinal nerves

false

TRUE OR FALSE

b/c the Autonomic Nervous System is visceral motor system, afferent pathways are of no importance and actually are rarely found

false

TRUE OR FALSE

splanchnic nerves are mixed motor and sensory nerves

true

TRUE OR FALSE

most disorders of the autonomic system reflect abnormalities of smooth muscle control

true

TRUE OR FALSE

the adrenal medulla is considered a "misplaced" sympathetic ganglion by some

true

TRUE OR FALSE

most blood vessels are innervated by the sympathetic division alone

true

TRUE OR FALSE

the structures that specifically exhibit vasomotor tone are mostly under sympathetic control

true

TRUE OR FALSE

b/c parasympathetic fibers never run in spinal nerves, rami communicates are associated only with the sympathetic division

true

TRUE OR FALSE

cranial nerves III, VII, and IX supply the entire parasympathetic innervation of the head; however, only the preganglionic fibers lie within these 3 pair of cranial nerves

baroreceptor

NOT an exteroceptor ?

tough

pressure

pain

temperature

baroreceptor

sacral plexus

spinal nerves exiting the cord from the level of L4 to S4 form the ______

involuntary, yet may be modified by learned behavior

inborn or intrinsic reflexes are ______

a beta-blocker

a drug that might be used specifically to reduce heart rate in cardiac patients could be _____

X

over 90% of all parasympathetic fibers are derived from cranial nerve number _____

parasympathetic division

the "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the _______

dilation of pupils

which is NOT a result of parasympathetic stimulation?

salivation

dilation of pupils

increased peristalsis of the digestive viscera

elimination of urine

NE and epinephrine are secreted into blood as partof the sympathetic response

sympathetic responses generally are widespread b/c _____

the cell bodies of motor neurons

autonomic ganglia contain _____

celiac

which if the following is NOT a plexus of the vagus nerve?

cardiac

pulmonary

celiac

esophageal