right atrium

Into which chamber of the heart do the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus return deoxygenated blood?

left ventricle

Which chamber of the heart sends oxygenated blood to the aorta to the systemic circuit?

left atrium

Which chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood via the pulmonary circuit?

posterior interventricular artery

Which of the following is a branch of the right coronary artery?

right marginal artery

Which artery serves the myocardium of the lateral right side of the heart?

aorta

From what vessel do the left and right coronary arteries arise?

pericardial cavity

What separates the parietal and visceral pericardium?

fibrous pericardium

Which of the following is the outermost covering of the heart?

myocardium

Which layer of the heart wall contracts and is composed primarily of cardiac muscle tissue?

pulmonary vein

Which of the following is NOT a vein that returns blood to the right atrium of the heart?

aorta

Into what vessel does the left ventricle eject blood?

left atrium

Into which chamber do the pulmonary veins send blood?

Myofibrils of cardiac muscle tissue vary in diameter and branch extensively.

Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate?

striations

Consider the following characteristics of the cells found in muscle tissue. Which feature is shared by both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Automaticity (autorhythmicity) promotes the spontaneous contraction of the cardiac muscle cells.

Which functional feature best describes the manner in which cardiac muscle contracts?

75 beats of the heart per minute

At what rate does the sinoatrial (SA) node ensure depolarization in the heart?

sinoatrial (SA) node

Specifically, what part of the intrinsic conduction system stimulates the atrioventricular (AV) node to conduct impulses to the atrioventricular bundle?

sinoatrial (SA) node

Which of the following pacemaker cells generates impulses of approximately 75 depolarizations per minute in order to control the heart's contraction rate?

P wave

Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the depolarization wave received from the sinoatrial (SA) node through the atria?

QRS complex

Which portion of the electrocardiogram represents the time during which the atria repolarize?

P-R interval

During which portion of the electrocardiogram do the atria contract?

B

Determine which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings is missing P waves. Select from letters A-D.

A

Determine which ECG shows a normal sinus rhythm. Select from letters A-D.

C

Determine which ECG shows a mostly 2:1 ratio of P waves to QRS waves. Select from letters A-D.

isovolumetric contraction phase

What is the period during the cardiac cycle when the ventricles are completely closed chambers and blood volume in the chambers remains constant as the ventricles contract?

ventricular systole

At what point in the cardiac cycle is pressure in the ventricles the highest (around 120 mm Hg)?

0.8 seconds

How long is the cardiac cycle, assuming the heart beats 75 times per minute?

increasing extracellular potassium levels

Which of the following would cause a decrease in the contractility of the heart?

75 mL/beat

Calculate the stroke volume if the end diastolic volume (EDV) is 135 mL/beat and the end systolic volume (ESV) is 60 mL/beat.

exercise

Which of the following increases stroke volume?

E

Point that represents the "dup" sound made by the heart.

Hematocrit is the percentage of erythrocytes in a whole blood sample.

What is hematocrit a measure of?

platelets

Which of the following is best suited to the clotting process that occurs when blood vessels are ruptured?

A

Which event of hemostasis constricts the damaged artery to reduce blood loss? Select from letters A-D.

D

During which event of hemostasis do clotting factors (procoagulants) assist with the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel? Select from letters A-D.

plasmin

What "clot buster" enzyme removes unneeded clots after healing has occurred during fibrinolysis?

neutrophils

When a person has an acute bacterial infection, such as meningitis or appendicitis, which type of leukocyte increases in number?

lymphocytes

Which type of leukocyte is responsible for antibody production?

basophils

When we take anti-histamines, we are countering the effects of which type of leukocyte?

lymphocytes

What do the lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

myelocytes

Which cell of the myeloid stem cell pathway has accumulated granules?

myeloblast

From which cell do the granulocytes descend?

hematopoietic stem cell (hemocytoblast)

What part of the pathway to produce platelets is shared with other formed elements?

platelets

Which formed element can be described as cytoplasmic fragments?

Erythrocytes are shaped like biconcave discs.

Which of the following is true of the structure of an erythrocyte?

hemoglobin

What is the name of the protein found in erythrocytes that allows for respiratory gas transport?

reduced availability of oxygen

What triggers erythropoietin (EPO) production to make new red blood cells?

amino acids of globin

Which part of the hemoglobin molecule binds carbon dioxide for transport?

4

How many oxygen molecules can be transported by one hemoglobin molecule?

oxyhemoglobin

When oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, what bright red molecule is formed?

erythropoiesis

Specifically, what is the production of red blood cells called?

reticulocyte

What is a young, anucleate erythrocyte called?

bone marrow

What part of the body does erythropoietin (EPO) target to increase erythropoiesis?

a portion of the heme group

What part of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled to form bile?

pernicious anemia

What erythrocyte production disorder results from an autoimmune disease associated with vitamin B12 absorption?

The kidneys detect low levels of oxygen in the blood.

What role do the kidneys play in erythropoiesis?

plasma

The majority of whole blood is __________.

oxygen-poor blood

What does dark red blood indicate?

tunica intima

Which layer of the typical blood vessel is constructed from simple squamous epithelium?

tunica media

Which layer of the typical vessel can be regulated via vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

tunica externa

What is the outermost layer of the blood vessel wall for an artery or vein?

elastic artery

Which type of vessel contains elastin in all three tunics to allow the vessel to expand and recoil as the heart ejects blood?

muscular artery

What type of vessel has relatively more smooth muscle and less elastic tissue?

vein

What type of vessel has relatively little smooth muscle or elastin in the tunica media, a large lumen (average of 5.0 mm in diameter), and thin walls (average of 0.5 mm)?

87 mm Hg

Calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) if systolic blood pressure is 120 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure is 70 mm Hg.

arterioles

What blood vessel experiences the steepest drop in blood pressure?

capillaries

What vessels sustain a drop in pressure from approximately 35 mm Hg to around 17 mm Hg?

aldosterone

Which hormone of the indirect renal mechanism promotes sodium reabsorption by the kidneys to increase mean arterial pressure?

Angiotensin II promotes vasodilation that decreases peripheral resistance.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four ways in which angiotensin II works to increase arterial blood pressure and extracellular fluid volume?

conversion of angiotensin I into angiotensin II

Which of the following would be interrupted in the indirect renal mechanism if angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is blocked from performing its job?

low oxygen levels

Which of the following is a metabolic factor that influences blood flow?

nitric oxide

Which of the following promotes vasodilation?

endothelins

Which of the following intrinsic mechanisms (autoregulation) for controlling arteriolar smooth muscle diameter promotes vasoconstriction?

osmotic pressure in capillary (OPc)

What pressure is responsible for reabsorption and for pulling fluids into the venous end of capillaries?

10 mm Hg

What is the value for the net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arteriolar end of the capillary?

-2 mm Hg

Assume a person is experiencing a hemorrhage and the HPc has dropped to 23 mm Hg at the arteriole end of the capillary. Calculate net filtration pressure (NFP) at the arteriole end of the capillary.

pulmonary trunk

Which vessel leaves the right ventricle of the heart to take oxygen-poor, dark red blood into pulmonary circulation?

pulmonary vein

Which vessel(s) return(s) oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart to complete the pulmonary circuit?

pulmonary vein

Which vessel(s) of the pulmonary circuit transport(s) oxygen-rich blood?

brachiocephalic trunk

From what artery does the right common carotid artery arise?

A

Which artery branches off the subclavian arteries? Select from letters A-D.

C

Which vessel sends branches to the thyroid, larynx, tongue, skin, and muscles of the anterior face and posterior scalp? Select from letters A-D.

A

Which artery branches into the common hepatic artery, splenic artery, and left gastric artery? Select from letters A-D.

D

Which artery serves the distal part of the large intestine via its left colic, sigmoidal, and superior rectal branches? Select from letters A-D.

C

Which artery serves nearly all of the small intestine via the intestinal arteries and most of the large intestine via the ileocolic, middle colic, and right colic arteries? Select from letters A-D.

B

Which vein is the longest in the body and empties into the femoral vein? Select from letters A-D.

C

What vein is formed from the union of the anterior tibial vein and posterior tibial vein? Select from letters A-D.

A

Which vein becomes the external iliac vein as it enters the pelvis? Select from letters A-D.