the study of body structures visible to the naked eye.

gross anatomy

erect, with the feet only slightly apart, head and toes pointed forward, and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward

In the anatomical position the human body is

anatomical position.

universally accepted standard position is called

relating to head, neck, and trunk, the axis of the body.; Major Division of the body.

Axial

relating to limbs and their attachments to the axis.; Major Division of the body.

Appendicular

Pertaining to the anterior body trunk region inferior to the ribs.; Anterior Body Landmark

Abdominal

Pertaining to the point of the shoulder.; Anterior Body Landmark

Acromial

Pertaining to the forearm.; Anterior Body Landmark

Antebrachial

Pertaining to the anterior surface of the elbow.; Anterior Body Landmark

Antecubital

Pertaining to the armpit; Anterior Body Landmark

Axillary

Pertaining to the arm; Anterior Body Landmark

Brachial

Pertaining to the cheek; Anterior Body Landmark

Buccal

Pertaining to the wrist; Anterior Body Landmark

Carpal

Pertaining to the head; Anterior Body Landmark

Cephalic

Pertaining to the neck region; Anterior Body Landmark

Cervical

Pertaining to the hip; Anterior Body Landmark

Coxal

Pertaining to the leg; Anterior Body Landmark

Crural

Pertaining to the fingers or toes; Anterior Body Landmark

Digital

Pertaining to the thigh; Anterior Body Landmark

Femoral

Pertaining to the side of the leg; Anterior Body Landmark

Fibular (Peroneal)

Pertaining to the forehead; Anterior Body Landmark

Frontal

Pertaining to the great toe; Anterior Body Landmark

Hallux

Pertaining to the groin; Anterior Body Landmark

Inguinal

Pertaining to the breast; Anterior Body Landmark

Mammary

Pertaining to the hand; Anterior Body Landmark

Manus

Pertaining to the chin; Anterior Body Landmark

Mental

Pertaining to the nose; Anterior Body Landmark

Nasal

Pertaining to the mouth; Anterior Body Landmark

Oral

Pertaining to the bony eye socket (orbit); Anterior Body Landmark

Orbital

Pertaining to the palm of the hand; Anterior Body Landmark

Palmar

Pertaining to the anterior knee (kneecap) region; Anterior Body Landmark

Patellar

Pertaining to the foot; Anterior Body Landmark

Pedal

Pertaining to the pelvis region; Anterior Body Landmark

Pelvic

Pertaining to the thumb; Anterior Body Landmark

Pollex

Pertaining to the genital region; Anterior Body Landmark

Pubic

Pertaining to the region of the breastbone; Anterior Body Landmark

Sternal

Pertaining to the ankle; Anterior Body Landmark

Tarsal

Pertaining to the chest; Anterior Body Landmark

Thoracic

Pertaining to the navel; Anterior Body Landmark

Umbilical

Pertaining to the point of the shoulder; Posterior body landmark

Acromial

Pertaining to the arm; Posterior body landmark

Brachial

Pertaining to the heel of the foot; Posterior body landmark

Calcaneal

Pertaining to the head; Posterior body landmark

Cephalic

Pertaining to the back; Posterior body landmark

Dorsum

Pertaining to the thigh; Posterior body landmark

Femoral

Pertaining to the buttocks or rump; Posterior body landmark

Gluteal

Pertaining to the area of the back between the ribs and hips also the loin; Posterior body landmark

Lumbar

Pertaining to the hand; Posterior body landmark

Manus

Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the head or base of the skull; Posterior body landmark

Occipital

Pertaining to the posterior aspect of the elbow; Posterior body landmark

Olecranal

Pertaining to the ear; Posterior body landmark

Otic

Pertaining to the foot; Posterior body landmark

Pedal

Pertaining to the region between the anus and external genitalia; Posterior body landmark

Perineal

Pertaining to the sole of the foot; Posterior body landmark

Plantar

Pertaining to the back of the knee; Posterior body landmark

Popliteal

Pertaining to the region between the hips (overlying the sacrum); Posterior body landmark

Sacral

Pertaining to the scapula or shoulder blade area; Posterior body landmark

Scapular

Pertaining to the calf or posterior surface of the leg; Posterior body landmark

Sural

Pertaining to the area of the spinal column; Posterior body landmark

Vertebral

(above/below) These terms refer to placement of a structure along the long axis of the body. Superior structures always appear above other structures, and inferior structures are always below other structures. For example, the nose is superior to the mouth, and the abdomen is inferior to the chest.

Superior/inferior

(front/back) In humans the most anterior structures are those that are most forward—the face, chest, and abdomen. Posterior structures are those toward the backside of the body. For instance, the spine is posterior to the heart.

Anterior/posterior

(toward the midline/away from the midline or median plane) The sternum (breastbone) is medial to the ribs; the ear is lateral to the nose.

Medial/lateral

(cranial)/(toward the head/toward the tail) In humans these terms are used interchangeably with superior and inferior, but in four-legged animals they are synonymous with anterior and posterior, respectively.

Cephalad/caudal

(backside/belly side) These terms are used chiefly in discussing the comparative anatomy of animals, assuming the animal is standing. Dorsum is a Latin word meaning “back.” Thus, dorsal refers to the animal’s back or the backside of any other structures; for example, the posterior surface of the human leg is its dorsal surface. The term ventral derives from the Latin term venter, meaning “belly,” and always refers to the belly side of animals. In humans the terms entral and dorsal are used interchangeably with the terms anterior and posterior, but in four-legged animals ventral and dorsal are synonymous with inferior and superior, respectively.

Dorsal/ventral

(nearer the trunk or attached end/farther from the trunk or point of attachment) These terms are used primarily to locate various areas of the body limbs. For example, the fingers are distal to the elbow; the knee is proximal to the toes. However, these terms may also be used to indicate regions (closer to or farther from the head) of internal tubular organs.

Proximal/distal

(external)/(internal) (toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface): These terms locate body organs according to their relative closeness to the body surface. For example, the skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles, and the lungs are deep to the rib cage.

Superficial/Deep

Cut

A section is a ____.

Plane

When the section is made through the body wall or through an organ, it is made along an imaginary surface or line called a ______.

Sagittal plane

A plane that runs longitudinally and divides the body into right and left parts is referred to as a __________ __________.

median, or midsagittal,
plane.

A plane that runs longitudinally and divides
the body into right and left parts is referred to as a sagittal plane. If it divides the body into equal parts, right down the middle of the body, it is called a _________ or a ____________ ________________.

parasagittal planes.

All other sagittal planes (that are not median) are referred to as ____________ ____________.

Frontal plane: Sometimes called a coronal plane

A longitudinal plane that divides the body (or
an organ) into anterior and posterior parts is a?

transverse plane

A plane that runs horizontally, dividing
the body into superior and inferior parts.

Cross sections

When organs are sectioned along the transverse plane, the sections are commonly called ?

l.s.

On microscope slides, the abbreviation for a longitudinal section (sagittal or frontal) is

x.s. or c.s.

Cross sections are abbreviated as?

Dorsal Body Cavity, and Ventral Body Cavity

The axial portion of the body has two large cavities that provide different degrees of protection to the organs within them they are?

Cranial cavity, in which the brain is enclosed within the rigid skull.

Vertebral (or spinal) cavity, within which the delicate spinal cord is protected by the bony vertebral column.

Because the spinal cord is a continuation of the brain, these cavities are continuous with each other.

The Dorsal Body Cavity can be subdivided into 2 cavities that are continuous with each other they are?

The Superior Thoracic Cavity: The heart and lungs, located in the thoracic cavity, are afforded some measure of protection by the bony rib cage.

Abdominalpelvic cavity: Although there is no further physical separation of the ventral cavity, some prefer to describe the abdominopelvic cavity in terms of a superior abdominal cavity, the area that houses the stomach, intestines, liver, and other organs, and an inferior pelvic cavity, the region that is partially enclosed by the bony
pelvis and contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.

Like the dorsal cavity, the ventral body cavity is subdivided what are they?

thoracic

The superior _________ cavity: is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm.

abdominopelvic

The cavity inferior to the diaphragm is often referred to as the ___________________ cavity.

serosa, or serous membrane.

The walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered with an exceedingly thin, double-layered membrane called the ____________, or __________ ______________.

parietal serosa; visceral serosa

The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls is
referred to as the _________ _______, and it is continuous with a similar membrane, the __________ __________, covering the external surface of the organs within the cavity.

parietal serosa; visceral serosa

These membranes produce a thin lubricating fluid that allows the visceral organs to slide over one another or to rub against the body wall without friction.

Serous membranes

also compartmentalize the various organs so that infection of one organ is prevented
from spreading to others.

peritoneum

the serosa lining the abdominal cavity and covering its organs is the ?

pleura

the serosa lining enclosing the lungs is the ?

pericardium

the serosa lining around the heart is the ?

the structures they envelop

The specific names of the serous membranes depend on ?

quadrants.

the abdominal surface (and the abdominopelvic cavity deep to it) into four approximately equal regions is called

right upper quadrant, right lower quadrant,
left upper quadrant, and left lower quadrant

These quadrants are named according to their relative position—they are?

Frontal Section Through Torso

Frontal Section Through Torso

Transverse Section (Through Torso, Inferior View)

Transverse Section (Through Torso, Inferior View)

Median Midsagittal Section

Median Midsagittal Section

1. Right Hypochondriac Region
2. Epigastric Region
3. Left Hypochondriac Region
4. Right Lumbar Region
5. Umbilical Region
6. Left Lumbar Region
7. Right Iliac (inguinal) Region
8. Hypogastric (pubic) Region
9. Left Iliac (inguinal) Region