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Nervous system

1.

Inflammation of the meninges

Meningitis

2.

1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia mater

Meninges (3)

3.

1. (tough mother) most superficial layer
2. middle layer,
3. (soft mother) adheres tightly to tissues its protecting, (most deep layer)

Meninges
1. Dura Mater
2. Arachnoid Mater
3. Pia Mater

4.

fancy term for crossing over

Decussation

5.

response goes in one side and leaves from the same side

Isolateral

6.

response goes in one side and leaves from a different side

Contralateral

7.

1. dura mater 2. arachnoid mater
3. arachnoid trebeculae 4. pea mater
5. cerebral cortex 6. subdural space
7. subarachnoid space 8. perivascular space

8.

1. spinal nerve 2. spinal cord 3. white matter
4. ventral horn 5. gray matter 6. dorsal horn
7. dorsal root ganglion 7. ventral root

9.

1. lateral horn (preganglionic sympathetic neurons, only in segments T1 - L2)
2. dorsal horn of gray matter 3. dorsal root
4. dorsal root ganglion 5. spinal nerve
6. Dorsal primary ramus (to skin and muscles)
7. ventral primary ramus 8. sensory fiber

10.

9. postgangionic sympathetic innervation (glands, blood vessels)
10. motor axon (to skeletal muscle)
11. white ramus communicans
12. sympathetic (paravertebral) ganglion
13. Gray ramus communicans
14. ventral root
15. ventral horn (contains motor neurons)

11.

one of the spinally mediated reflexes normally present in the first 2 months of life, demonstrated by the adduction and extension of one leg when the foot of the other leg is stimulated. When present in adults, it indicates hyperactive reflexes.

crossed extension reflex

12.

1. cerebral plexus
2. brachial plexus
3. lumbar plexus
4. sacral plexus

plexuses (4)

13.

an area of the skin that is mainly supplied by a single spinal nerve

Dermatome

14.

-fully eradicated when you get better.
- hang out in the spinal cord until it senses you are weak and will then come out and reinfect an area in addults.
-shingles

Chicken pox
-is not....
-it will...
-this is called...

15.

1. epineurium 2. interfascicular epineurium
3. endoneurium 4. axon
5. schwann cell 6. perineurium

16.

1. till about 25 years old
2. frontal lobe
A. decision making, personality, religiosity

1. How long is the brain developing?
2. which lobe is the last to develop?
A. this lobe is known for? (3)

17.

1. metensephalon 2. mesencephalon 3. diencephalon
4. telensephalon 5. myelencephalon 6. midbrain
7. cervical 8. flexures 9.spinal cord
10. 5 weeks

18.

1. cerebral hemisphere 2. outline of diensephalon
3. midbrain 4. cerebellum 5. pons
6. medulla oblongata 7. spinal cord 8. 13 weeks

19.

1. cerebral hemisphere 2. cerebellum
3. pons 4. medulla oblongata
5. spinal cord 6. 26 weeks

20.

1. cerebral hemisphere 2. diencephalon
3. cerebellum 4. brain stem
5. midbrain 6. pons 7. medulla oblongata

21.

- 26 weeks
- the cerebral cortex is now maid and they can now feel.

-what is the cut off for an abortion?
-why?

22.

A. forebrain 1. cerebrum 2. diencephalon
B. brainstem 3. midbrain 4. pons
5. Medulla oblongata 6. cerebellum
C spinal cord

23.

1. Coordinates somatic motor function
2. Adjusts output of somatic motor centers resulting in smooth operation

Cerebellum
functions (3)

24.

1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
4.epithalamus

Diencephalon
forms (3)

25.

1. superior portion of the brain stem
2. A. Processes visual and auditory data
B. Maintains consciousness and alertness

Midbrain (mesencephalon)
1. location
2. function (2)

26.

1. middle of the brain stem
2. A. Relays information to the thalamus and cerebellum
B. Regulates subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers

Pons
1. location
2. functions (2)

27.

1. inferior portion of the brain stem
2. A. Relays information to the thalamus and brain stem
B. Regulates visceral function

Medulla Oblongata
1. location
2. functions (2)

28.

1. Conscious thought processes
2. Memory storage
3. Conscious regulation of skeletal muscle contractions

cerebrum
functions (3)

29.

1. third ventricle 2. septum pellucidum
3. interthalamic adhesion 4. frontal lobe
5. anterior commissure 6. hypothalamus
7. optic chiasm 8. pituitary gland
9. temporal lobe 10. mammillary body
11. pons 12. medulla oblongata 13. spinal cord

30.

1. parietal lobe 2. corpus collosum
3. fornix 4. choroid plexus
5. occipital lobe 6. thalamus 7. pineal body/gand
8. corpora quadrigemina 9. cerebral aqueduct
10. midbrain 11. arbor vitae 12. fourth ventricle 13. choroid plexus 14. cerebellum

31.

1. frontal lobe 2. parietal lobe
3. temporal lobe 4. occipital lobe

32.

1. voluntary motor functions
2. concentration
3. verbal communication
4. decision making
5. planning
6. personality

Frontal lobe
controls (6)

33.

1. general sensory functions
2. understanding speech
3. formulating words

Parietal lobe
controls (3)

34.

1. hearing
2. smell

temporal lobe
controls (2)

35.

1. conscious perception of visual stimuli
2. integration of eye focusing movements
3. correlation of visual images w/ previous visual experiences

occipital lobe
controls (3)

36.

1. hypothalamus 2. pituitary
3. infundibulum 4. anterior pituitary gland
5. posterior pituitary gland

37.

1. Anterior pituitary gland
2. Posterior pituitary gland

Divisions of the pituitary gland (2)

38.

1. up (adrenohypothesis)
2. down (neurohypothysis)

1. anterior pituitary grows...
2. posterior pituitary grows...

39.

1. thyrotropic cells = thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
2. Mammotropic cells = prolactin (PRL)
3. corticotropic cells = Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

cells and Hormones of the Anterior pituitary (1-3)

40.

4. somatotropic cells = growth hormone (GH)
5. Gonadotropic cells = follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
6. Gonadotropic cells - Luteinizing hormone (LH)
7. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

cells and hormones of the anterior pituitary (4-7)

41.

1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
2. oxytocin

Hormones of the posterior piduitary

42.

1. lateral ventricles 2. third ventricle
3. fourth ventricle 4. subarachnoid space in brain and spinal cord.

flow of fluid in the brain and spinal cord

43.

Arachnoid villi

what absorbs and reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid?

44.

fluid flows at a faster rate. because cells in brain shrink while sleeping

what happens to fluid flow while sleeping? why?

45.

nutrients and wastes. it replenishes

what does Cerebrospinal fluid contain? what happens to it when you sleep?

46.

1. arachnoid is damages and cant reabsorb fluid.
2. brain swells
3. if pressure cant be released brain is forced into foramen magnum and will die

what happens when you have a concussion?

47.

1. olfactory (I) 2. optic nerve (II)
3. oculomotor (III) 4. trochlear (IV)
5. trigeminal (V) 6. abducens (VI)
7. facial nerve (VII) 8. vestibulocochlear (VIII)
9. glossopharungeal (IX) 10. vagus (X)
11. hypoglossal (XII) 12. accessory (XII)

cranial nerves (12)

48.

it gets diffused from blood vessels and CSF into the brain

how does blood get to brain?

49.

provides a vascular pathway from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland

hypophyseal portal system

50.

1. superior sagital sinus 2. transverse sinus

51.

Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain

hydrocephalus

52.

emotion and memory

what is controlled by the limbic system

53.

1. cingulate gyrus 2. parahippocampal gyrus
3. hippocampus 4. amygdoid body
5. olfactory 6. fornix
7. anterior thalamic nuclei 8. habenular nuclei
9. septal nuclei 10. mammillary bodies

the limbic system includes

54.

activating systems. wakes you up

what is the reticular system? which does what?

55.

1. smell
2. vision
3. eyelid and eyeball movement
4. innervates superior oblique, turnes eye downward and laterally

functions of:
1. olfactory
2. optic
3. oculomotor
4. trochlear

56.

5. chewing, face + mouth touch + pain
6. turns eye laterally
7. controls most facial expressions, secretion of tears + saliva taste
8. hearing, equilibrium, sensation

functions of:
5. trigeminal
6. abducens
7. facial
8. vestibulocochlear

57.

9. taste, senses carotid blood pressure
10. taste, senses aortic BP, slows heart rate, stimulates digestive organs
11. controls trapezius+ sternocleidomastoid, controls swallowing movements
12. controls tongue movements

9. glossopharyngeal
10. vagus
11. spinal accessory
12. hypoglossal

58.

1. auditory cortex
2. somatosensory cortex
3. visual cortex
4. taste cortex

primary sensory areas (4)

59.

1. reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving
2. movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli
3. visual processing
4. perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory and speech

functions of:
1. frontal lobe (6)
2. parietal lobe (4)
3. occipital lobe (1)
4. temporal lobe (3)

60.

tympanic membrane-> malleus-> incus-> stapes-> oval window-> cochlea-> auditory nerve-> auditory cortex-> ornike region-> frontal lobe

pathway for hearing (

61.

1. specific asscending pathway 2. cerebral cortex
3. spinal cord 4.touch 5. temperature
6. nonspecific ascending pathway 7. touch
8. temperature

62.

1. highest level 2. sensorimotor cortex
3. basal ganglia 4. thalamus
5. brainstem 6. cerebellum
7. local level (brainstem and spinal cord)
8. receptors 9. muscle fibers
10. highest level 11. middle level 12. local level

63.

1. red = sympathetic
2. blue = parasympathetic

64.

1. stimulating the phrenic nerve
2. once stimulation of the phrenic nerve stops

1. what causes the diaphragm to go down?
2. what causes the diaphragm to go up?

65.

1. movement of air into and out of respiratory system

pulmonary Ventilation

66.

1. ventilation: exchange of air b/w atmosphere and alvioli by bulk flow
2. exchange of O2 + CO2 b/w alveolar air and blood in lun capillaries by diffusion.
3. transport of O2 +CO2 through pulmonary and systemic circulation by bulk flow
4. exchange of O2 + CO2 b/w blood in tissue capillaries and cells in tissues by diffusion
5. cellular utilization of )2 and production of CO2

Steps of respiration (5)

67.

1. pharyngeal tonsil 2. nasopharynx
3. uvula 4. oropharunx
5. laryngopharynx 6. esophogus
7. epiglottis

68.

1. primary bronchi
2. secondary bronchi
3. tertiary bronchi

69.

1. transports air, little oxygen is absorbed
2. oxygen is absorbed

1. Conducting zone:
2. respiratory zone

70.

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

lungs have what kind of cells?

71.

transports mucus to larynx where it is swallowed and digested

what does the cilia in lungs do?

72.

1. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
2. smooth muscle begins to replace C cartilage
3. increased muscle replacing cartilage
4. nonciliated simple columnar to cuboidal epithelium, no cartilage, no goblet cells
5. epithelium begins to be squamous like
6. simple squamous epithelium, 2 types

distinctions of
1. primary bronchi
2. secondary bronchi
3. tertiary bronchi
4. terminal bronchiole (3)
5. respiratory bronchioles
6. alveolar sacs

73.

is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways.

Asthma

74.

To treat with a medicated spray.

nebulization

75.

1. branch of pulmonary artery
2. branch of pulmonary vein

76.

surfactants

what decreases surface tension in alveoli?

77.

1. parietal pleura 2. visceral pleura
3. pericardial membranes 4. pleural cavity
5. thoracic wall 6. mediastinum
7. anterior mediastinum

78.

1. diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals contract
2. thorax expands
3. Pip becomes more subatmospheric
4. t Transpulmonary pressure
5. lungs expand
6. Palv becoms subatmospheric
7. air plows into alveoli

Inspiration (7)

79.

1. diaphragm and inspiratory intercostals stop contractin
2. chest wall recoils inward
3. Pip back toward preinspirarion value
4. transpulmonary pressure back toward preinspiration value

Expiration (1-4)

80.

5. Lungs recoil toward preinspiration size
6. air in alveoli becomes compressed
7. Palv becomes greater than Patm
8. air flows out of lungs

Expiration (5-8)

81.
no data
82.

1. the volume of air you can hold or expel when taking a forceful breath
2. the volume of air that you move into or out of lungs at rest, ~1/2 L for avg sized male

1. vital capacity
2. Title volume

83.

1. detect pressure change within body surfaces
2. detect chemicals/specific molecules dissolved in fluid; respond to odors and tastes in fluids

1. Barioreceptor
2. chemoreceptor

84.

1. chemoreceptors
2. CO2 and carbonmonoxide, less

1. CO2 stimulates _____
2. smoking puts ____ making RBC's ____ efficient

85.

the tubular passage that extends from mouth to anus

alimentary canal

86.

1. smooth muscle
2. anal sphincter

1. what kind of muscle are sphincers made of?
2. which is not made of these?

87.

Situated behind the peritoneum.

retroperitoneal

88.

1. A. teeth
b. tongue
C. muscle
2. A. liver
B. gall bladder
C. pancreas

Accessory structures
1. physical (3)
2. secretory (3)

89.

1. cardiac/esphogeal sphincter
2. pyloric sphincter
3. ileocecal valve
4. anal sphincter

sphincters (4)

90.

the constant contraction of muscles to move things down a tube

peristalsis

91.

1. mechanical breakdown of food fromchewing and churning in stomach
2.chemical breakdown from saliva and other fluids

1. mechanical digestion
2. chemical digestion

92.

intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract

enteric nervous system

93.

1. serosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis mucosa
4. longitudinal muscle 5. circular muscle

94.

1. a substance that is secreted by the stomach wall and converted into the enzyme pepsin by gastric acid.
2. protein that helps your intestines absorb vitamin B12

1. pepsinogen
2. intrinsic factor

95.

1. chief cells
2. parietal cells
3. goblet cells
4. enteroendocrine cells

cells of the stomach (4)

96.

1. synthesize and secrete hormones = pepsinogen (converted to pepsin)
2. secretes HCl- + intrinsic factor
3. secretes acidic mucin (mucus)
4. secrete gastrin

function of:
1. chief cells
2. parietal cells
3. goblet cells
4. enteroendocrine cells

97.

1. digests + denatures proteins
2. denatures proteins
3. helps with B12 absorption
4. hormones that enters blood + stimulates chief + parietal cells to secrete + contractile muscles of gastric music

1. pepsin
2. HCl-
3. intrinsic factor
4. gastrin

98.

1. pancreas
2. Gall bladder
3. liver

Accessory structures (3)

99.

1. secretes enzymes that help break down food
2. holds bile produced in the liver until it is needed for digesting fatty foods
3. produces bile, detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals

functions of:
1. pancreas
2. Gal bladder
3. liver

100.

1. exocrine cells
2. endocrine cells
3. duct cells

cells of the pancreas (3)

101.

1. secretes enzymes
2. secrete bicarbonate

function of:
1. exocrine cells
2. duct cells

102.

1. (circular folds) help increase surface area for better absorption + act as speed bumps to slow down movement of chyme
2. lymphatic capillaries

1. plicae circularis
2. lacteal

103.
no data
104.

1. absorptive cells 2. goblet cells
3. central lacteal 4. capillaries
5. arteriole 6. tight junctions
7. desmosome 8. mitochondria

105.

most likely a resivior for immune cells

vernifoem appendix

106.

removes water, salt, and some nutrients forming stool

functions of colon

107.

1. fat
2. protection

the kidneys are covered in _1_ for _2_

108.

1. endocrine
2. exocrine

kidneys have both _1_ and _2_ functions

109.

1. producing hormones
2. absorbing minerals
3. filtering blood
4. producing urine

functions of the kidney (4)

110.

1. renal pelvis 2. prenal pyramid
2. cortex 4. medulla

111.

renal A.-> renal segmental A.-> lobar A.-> interlobar A-> arcuate A-> interlobular A-> afferent arteriole-> glomerulus-> efferent arteriole-> peritubular cappilaries

kidney blood flow (11)

112.

1. cortical nephron
2. juxtamedullary nephron

113.

1. A. glomerulus B. boman's space
2. A. proximal convoluted tubule
B. proximal straight tubule
3. A. descending thin limb B. ascending thin limb
C. ascending thick limp

structure of a nephron:
1. renal corpuscle (2)
2. renal proximal tubule
3. loop of Henle

114.

4. distal convoluted tubule
5. A. collecting tubule B. cortical collecting tubule C. medullary collecting duct

structure of a nephron
4. distal convoluted tubule
5. collecting duct system (3)

115.

glomerulus-> bowmans space in bowmans capsule-> proximal convoluted tubule-> proximal straight tubule-> descending thin limb of Henle's loop-> ascending thin limb of Henles loop-> ascending thick limb of henles loop-> distal convoluted tubule-> connecting tubule-> cortical collecting duct-> medulary collecting duct-> renal pelvis

flow through the nephron (12)

116.

1. glomerular filtration
2. tubular secretion
3. tubular reabsorption

Components of renal function (3)

117.

podocyte

118.

causes opening of aquaporons (water channels) which allows you to reabsorb more water

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

119.

it blocks it

what does alcohol do to ADH?

120.

enzyme secreted by kidneys to increase blood sodium levels

renin

121.

a diuretic

ace inhibitor

122.

fancy word for peeing

mictrition

123.

promotes salt and water excretion and lowers blood pressure

atrial naturitic peptide

124.

from collecting duct-> papillary duct-> minor calyx -> majore calyx-> renal pelvis-> ureter-> urinary bladder->urethra

flow of urin (8)

125.

1. female 2. hormones 3. nonviable female

-evolutionarily we start out as__1__
-without any__2__ you will remain an __3__

126.

1. female
2. male
3. nonviable female

1. XX=
2. XY=
3. Xo=

127.

there are genes that differentiate you to develop testis

SRY segment

128.

1. same embriological origin
2. same function ie. wing of a bat = wing of a bird

1. homologous
2. analogus

129.

1. lobule 2. tunica albuginea
3. tunica vaginalis

130.

lobules

where is perm produced?

131.

1. develops in testies
2. matures in epididymus
3. travels up vas deferens
4. most ejaculant liquid comes from seminal vessical
5. this meets in the ejaculatory duct with sperm
6. out through urethra

sperm/ejaculant development

132.

the most common place for a male hernea

inguinal canal

133.

The products of conception; that is, the embryo, chorionic sac, placenta, and fetal membranes.

conceptis

134.

1. spermatogenisis 2. meiosis(early spermatogenisis
3. spermatogenisis (late spermatogenisis)
4. spermatogonium 5. mitosis 6. meiosis 1
7. meiosis 2 8. spermatosoa

135.
no data
136.

1. has enzymes that helps penetrate the ovum
2. powers the tail of sperm

1. acrosome in sperm
2. mitochondria in sperm

137.

gap junctions

bunches of ovum are connected by___

138.

1. endometrium (epithelium)
2. myometrium (muscle)
3. perimetrium

layers of uterus (3) and cell types

139.

1. ovarian cycle
2. menstrual cycle

cycles your uterus goes through (2)

140.

when an ovum implants anywhere its not supposed to

ectopic pregnancy

141.

1. prior to pregnancy, ducts w/ few alveoli exist
2. in early pregnency, alveoli grow
3. in midpregnency, alveoli enlarge and acquire lumen
4. during lactation, alveoli dilate
5. after weaning, gland regresses

stages of mammary glands (5)

142.

1. site
2. estrogens

breast cancer- depending on __1__ of breast cancer can use __2__ to treat it