Lecture Exam Chapters - (1,3,4,9,10,11,18)
Prokaryotic
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Protozoa
Algae
Multicellular animal parasites
Acellular
Viruses
Prions
Commensalism
_________________ is a Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, the other is unaffected.
Mutualism
______________ is a Symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit.
Parasitism
______________ is a Symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits, the other is harmed.
Normal microbiota (used to be called flora)
______________ protect us from overgrowth of harmful bacteria.
Help produce Vit. K and some B vitamins
Producers
Bacteria that are photosynthetic are _______________.
Decomposers
Bacteria/fungus that recycle essential nutrients are _______________
Ex. Conveting pollutants to harmless molecules
(Microbs eating oil spills, or cleaning sewage)
Bioremediation is
1665 - See first Cells
Beginning of cell theory (all living things are composed of cells)
ROBERT HOOKE
"Father of Microscopy"
"animalcules" 1673-1723
Anton van Leeuwewnhoek
1699
Disproved spontaneous generation with experiment of meat in a jars some covered with Gauze
Francesco Redi
1.) All living things are composed of cells
2.) Cells can only come from preexisting cells
CELL THEORY
1745
Microbes appeared after pouring boiled nutrient broth into flasks that were then covered.
John Needham
1765
Microbes did not grow when the second flasks were heated after the broth was poured in.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
1858
Claimed living cells can only come from preexisting cells Second tenet of the cell theory
Rudolf Virchow
1861-disproved spontaneous generation *Biogenesis – life comes from life
Using flask w/ S Shaped neck.
Discovered HOW vaccinations worked after Jenner's 1796 cowpox discovery
Louis Pasteur
1840’s
Realized Germs were transmitted on our hands b/c post-partum mothers did not die with midwives, but did often die at Hospitals.
Saw his co-work get sick/die after cutting himself while working on corpse
Ignaz Semmelweiss
1860s (Listerine named after him)
Put together Semmelweiss’ handwashing observations and Pasteur’s work
Began disinfecting surgical wounds & surgical instruments Proved microorganisms caused surgical wound infections (use Carboxlic Acid to disinfect tools)
John Lister
1846
Discovered:
the bacterium that caused Anthrax in cattle
Bacterium that caused TB
Rules for controlling cholera outbreaks
Robert Koch
1. The specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific disease, but should not be found in healthy animals
2. The specific microorganism should be isolated from the diseased animal and grown in pure culture on artificial laboratory media
3. This freshly isolated microorganism, when inoculated into a healthy non-immune laboratory animal, should cause the same disease seen in the original animal
4. The microorganism should be re-isolated in pure culture from the experimental infection
Koch's Postulates
Founder of Epidemiology
1854 Broad Street Pump (Cholera outbreak)
John Snow
1796 - (Vaccination) Discovered exposure to cowpox prevented smallpox
Edward Jenner
1928 - Penicillium fungus killed S. aureus
1940 - Penicillin mass produced
Alexander Fleming
Resolution
_________________is the ability of the lenses to distinguish two points.
Shorter
______________________wavelengths of light provide greater resolution
refractive index
___________________ is a measure of the light-bending ability of a medium
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Microscope Requiring - Ultrathin sections of specimens, therefore specimen is killed and fixed to side, however allows you to see what is inside specimen.
magnifies 10,000-100,000x can see viruses
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Microscope Allowing whole specimen, allows visualizing surface of specimen
Resolution 10nm - 1000-10,000x
Staining
Coloring a specimen with a dye that emphasizes certain structures
Simple
Specimen stained with only one dye is a _____________ stain
Chromophore
___________________ Colored ion in stain
Basic dyes (pH)
In ______________ Dyes the chromophore is positively charged
Acidic dyes (pH)
In _____________ Dyes the chromophore is negatively charged.
Mordant
________________ Intensifies the stain
Negative
Bacteria have a slightly ___________________ charge
Differential
(ex. Gram stain/Acid-fast stain)
_________________ Stains used to distinguish between bacteria
Crystal Violet
In Gram Staining ____________ is the Primary Stain
Iodine
In Gram Staining ____________ is the Mordant
Alcohol/Acetone
In Gram Staining ______________ is the Decolorizing Agent.
Safranin
In Gram Staining the counterstain is __________________.
Purple
The color of Crystal Violet is _____________.
Red/Pink
The color of Safranin is ________________.
Acid-fast stain
Bacterium with a waxy cell wall are best stained with __________.
Acid-Fast
Mycobacterium causes TB
Mycobacterium and Nocardia are best stained with ________________ because of their waxy cell wall.
Carbolfuchsin
Primary Stain of Acid-Fast is __________________.
Acid/Alcohol
Decolorizing Agent of Acid-Fast staining is _______________.
Methylene Blue
Couterstain in Acid-Fast is _________________.
Red
What color is Carbolfuchsin?
1.)Capsule Stain (negative staining)
2.)Endospore Stain
3.)Flagella stain
Name some examples of why you need to use "Special Stains"
Prokaryotic
Small, unicellular cells with DNA NOT enclosed in a nucleus are _____________ cells.
Eukaryotic
Typically larger cells, with membrane bound organelles, sometimes multicellular are ___________________ cells.
Cocci
Name the shape of prokaryotic cells that appear round or spherical.
Bacilli
Name the shape of prokaryotic cells that appear rod-shaped.
Spiral
Name the shape of prokaryotic cells that appear spiral shaped.
Star
Rectangular
Name some rare-shapes for prokaryotic cells
1.) a single cocci
2.) a diplococci (2 bound together in a single plane)
3.) Streptococci (chain)
4.) tetrad (bound in 2 planes x,y)
5.) Sarcinae (orderly bound in 3 planes - x,y.z)
6.) Staphylococci - (NONorderly, in 3 planes, CLUMPS)
Name and Describe the (5) possible arrangements of cocci bacteria
Rod Shapped
What is the shape of Bacillus?
1.) Single Bacillus (rod)
2.) Diplobacilli (2 hooked together end to end)
3.) Streptobacilli (multiple cells, hooked end to end in a chain)
4.) Coccobacillus (Squished/Pill shaped, stacked next to each other)
Name and describe the (4) possible arrangements of bacilli
Joined at the ends, but at angles to each other, usually only a few hooked together. Example Corynebacteria (Causes diphtheria)
Describe a palisade Arrangement.
Vibrio
Ex. V. cholerae (Causes cholera)
The bacteria shape with a slight curve is _________________
Spirillum
The bacteria with a wave shape is __________________
Spirochete
Ex. Treponema pallidum (causes syphilis)
The bacteria with a corkscrew shape is ______________
Circular
What Colony Morphology - Shape is this
Rhizoid
What Colony Morphology - Shape is this
Irregular
What Colony Morphology - Shape is this
Filamentous
What Colony Morphology - Shape is this
Spindle
What Colony Morphology - Shape is this
Entire
What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?
Undulate
What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?
Lobate
What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?
Curled
What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?
Rhizoid
What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?
Filamentous
What is the Colony Morphology of this MARGIN?
1. Flat
2. Raised
3. Convex
4. Pulvinate
5. Umbonate
Describe the elevation Morphology of these colonies.
Glycocalyx (Sugar coat)
A sticky gelatinous polymer, made up of polysaccharides and/or, usually made inside the cell and secreted to outside the cell wall is called
1.) Slime Layer
2.) Capsule
Name 2 types of Glycocalyx
Slime
A Glycocalyx that is unorganized, loosely attached to cell wall is a ________________ layer.
Capsule
A Glycocalyx organized, firmly attached to cell wall, contributes to pathogenicity and prevents phagocytosis is a __________________.
Glycolcalyx and other material make up biofilm.
Helps cells attach to surfaces and each other.
What is a biofilm?
flagellin
Prokaryotic flagellum are made up of chains of _________.
Protein hook
Prokaryotic flagellum are attached at their base by a structure called the _____________.
Basal body
(like a drywall anchor)
Prokaryotic flagellum are anchored to the wall and membrane by their _______________.
Flagellum all-over
Describe a prokaryotic cell with Peritrichous flagellum.
single flagella (at one end if polar)
Describe a prokaryotic cell with Monotrichous/polar flagellum.
A tuft of flagella (at one end if polar)
Describe a prokaryotic cell with Lophotrichous/Polar flagellum.
flagella on both ends
Describe a prokaryotic cell with Amphitrichous/polar flagellum.
Gram Positive has - 1 Ring
Gram Negative has - 2 Rings
The flagella in a gram positive cell attaches in a cell wall with _______ Rings.
The flagella in a gram negative cell attaches in a cell wall with ______ Rings.
Axial Filament
Corkscrew-like movement provide taxis.
Name and describe the flagella like structure in spirochetes.
Central microtubules:Doublet Microtubles in a 9+2 arrangement.
Flagellum movement in Eukaryotic cells is caused by ______________.
Some Gram Negative
Are Fimbriae found in some Gram POSITIVE or Gram NEGATIVE bacteria?
Made of protein Pilin, used for adherence of other cells/surfaces (biofilms/epithelial cells)
What are Fibriae
- Structure similiar to Fimbriae, but used for motility (grappling hook/gliding).
Also used for DNA transfer b/w bacteria conjugation.
What are Pili
Mycoplasma
____________________ bacteria have no cell wall, plasma membranes have sterols.
Archaea
___________________ have no cell wall or walls without peptidoglycan appear gram-negative, but not same as gram-negative bacteria
Mycobacterium & Nocardia
___________________ & __________________ species have mycolic acid in cell wall prevents uptake of Gram stain dyes identified with acid-fast stain
No Cell Wall
What type of Cell Wall do animal cells have?
Cellulose
What type of Cell Wall do Plants have?
Chitin
What type of Cell Wall do Fungi have?
cellulose
What type of Cell Wall do Algae have?
Pellicle (protein)
What type of Cell Wall do Protozoa have?
Peripheral
________________ proteins are on inner and outer surfaces include Enzymes, receptors, support
Integral
___________ proteins Transmembrane include Channels, carriers, pumps
ATP
Active Transport requires
A.) Passive
Simple and Facilitated diffusion are ?
A.) Passive
B.) Active
True
True or False:
Eukaryotic cells DO NOT use group translocation.
Identity Markers
Eukaryotic cell membrane carbohydrates function as___________________?
Eukaryotic
Cell membranes containing carbohydrates and sterols are found in Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic cell???
uses endocytosis (active process) - pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor-mediated
Gram Positive
Gram POSITIVE or NEGATIVE? cell walls contain2 types of teichoic acid and many peptidoglycans.
FALSE
True or False
Gram Positive Cell Walls have an outer membrane
TRUE
True or False
Gram Negative Cell Walls have an outer membrane
FALSE!!!!!
True or False
Animal cells contain Peptidoglycan.
Group Translocation (of Glucose)
A type of transport unique to prokaryotes in which glucose passes through a channel is phosphorylated and then too large to leave the cell is ____________________.
Shrinking/wrinkling up of cell (such as in hypertonic solutions)
Crenation is ___________________.
bursting of cell wall (such as in hypotonic solutions)
Cytolysis is _________________________.
Shrinking away/wrinkling of a plasma membrane from a cell membrane (such as when plant cell placed in hypertonic solution)
Plasmolysis is _________________.
Nucleoid
Region in prokaryotes where DNA is located
FALSE
Most bacterial DNA is located on one single large circular chromosome
True or False
Bacteria DNA is bound to histone proteins.
In Prokaryotes - Small circular, contain DNA, generally genes coded here not critical for survival (Plasmids may be exchanged b/w organisms - thought to help replicate, segregate chromosome)
What is a plasmid?
RIBOSOMES
Site of protein synthesis (translation) in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Eukaryotic
_________________ cells have free Ribosomes and Bound Ribosomes (ER).
Prokaryotic
________________ cells have only free ribosomes (no ER)
Eukaryotes
tip (remember E-even #, E-eukaryotes)
Contins 80S ribosomes, composed of 60S and 40S sub-units
Prokaryotes
Contains 70S ribosomes, composed of 50S and 30S sub-units
VOLUTIN (metachromatic granules)
Diagnostic for C. diphtheria
__________________ inclusions are reserves of inorganic phosphate for making ATP. Made by cells in phosphate-rich environment
Polysaccharide granules
______________ inclusisons are glycogen and starch storage, common in bacterial but found in eukaryotic cells too
LIPID
____________ Inclusions are stored poly-hydroxybutyric acid found in bacteria for an energy reserve
Carboxysomes
___________ Inclusions take CO2 from air to make organic compounds
Gas Vacuoles
____________ gas surrounded by protein to provide buoyance in aquatic prokaryotes
Sulfur granules
_______________ inclusions found in bacteria that use sulfur for energy
Magnetosomes
_______________ inclusion that contain Iron Oxide, allows geo-magnetic orientation, may detoxify H2O2
Endospore
A thick Wall Cell produced under unfavorable Conditions, resistant to antibiotics, temperature, dehydration, starvation.
vegitation
Endospore returning to "life"
Sporulation
Process of forming an endospore
Plasma membrane.
Site of metabolism in prokaryotes is _____________________.
Life
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Pneumonic:
Do Keep Plates Clean Or Family Gets Sick
King Philip Came Over For Good Soup
TAXONOMY
The science of classifying organisms, provides universal names, and reference for identifying organisms
DOMAINS
(Proposed by Carl Woese in 1978)
Classified by cell types (differences in rRNA, membrane lipid structure, tRNA, sensitivity to Antibiotics
ENDOSYMBIOSIS
Defined Hierarchical classification (TAXONOMY) 1700's
Carolus Linnaeus
a group of closely related organism that breed among themselves.
Eukaryotic species (definition)
a population of cells with similar characteristics
Prokaryotic Species (definition)
Cells grown in laboratory
Culture
Population of cells derived from a single cell
Clone
genetically different cells w/in a clone
Strain
Suppresses unwanted microbs; encourages desired microbs
Selective Media
Differentiation of colonies of desired microbs from others
Differential Media
a virus that infects bacteria
Phage
PROTEIN ONLY
Western Blot is used for Protein or DNA?