Anatomy Block III- Forearm
some forearm muscles
what is the humerus an attachment for
styloid process
interosseus border
what are two bony landmarks on the ulna
head
styloid process
interosseus border
what are some bony landmarks on the radius
radius
is the head of the radius or ulna more distal
8
how many carpals are there
14, 2 for thumb, 3 for remaining digits
how many phalanges are there
flexor (anterior) compartment from extensor (posterio) muscles
what does the interosseus membrane divide
pronation/supination
why is the interosseus of the upper limb important
deep fascia of the forearm
what fascia is in the forearm
brachial fascia
what is the deep fascia of the forearm continuous with
antebrachial fascia
what is another name for the deep fascia of the forearm
deep fascia of the arm
what forms compartmenst along with the interosseous membrane
flexor retinaculum
extensor retinaculum
what are two thickenings in the deep fascia of the forearm
anterior aspect of forearm
where is the flexor retinaculum
palmaris longus
what flexor tendons don't get covered
posterior aspect of forearm
where is the extensor retinaculum
prevents bowstringing of tendons agaisnt skin and fascia themselves, keeps their advantage
what is the point of of the retinaculum
a. brachioradialis
b. pronator teres
c. flexor carpi radialis
d. palmaris longus
e. flexor carpi ulnaris
hand/wrist flexors and forearm pronators
what is the action of the anterior forearm compartment
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
what muscles are part of the anterior superficial layer
medial epicondyle off tendon called flexor tendon
where do all of the superficial muscles of the anterior superficial layer originate from
median nerve
what innervates pronator teres
median nerve
what innervates flexor carpi radialis
median nerve
what innervates palmaris longus
ulnar nerve
what innervates flexor carpi ulnaris
median nerve
what innervates flexor digitorum superficialis
median nerve
what innervates flexor digotorum profundus on digits 2-3
ulnar nerve
what innervates flexor digitorum profundus on digits 4-5
anterior interosseous nerve
what innervates flexor pollicis longus
anterior interosseous nerve
what innervates pronator quadratus
pronator teres
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor digitorum superficialis
what is innervated by the median nerve in the anterior forearm
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum profundus 4-5
what is innervated by the ulnar nerve in the anterior forearm
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus
what is innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve in the anterior forearm
flex forearm, no hand/wrist flexion (only one that does not cross wrist), PRONATION mainly
what is the action of the pronator teres
flex forearm, hand wrist flexion, forearm pronator and radial deviation (hand abduction)
what is the action of the flexor carpi radialis
wrist flexion only
what is the action of the palmaris longus
missing in a fair number of people
what is interesting about the palmaris longus
long central tendon, attaches to palmar aponeuroses
what does the palmaris longus have and what does that thing attach to
a. supniator
b. flexor digitorum superficialis
a. supinator
b. flexor digitorum profundus
c. flexor pollicis longus
d. pronator quadratus
radial nerve
what innervates the brachioradialis
deep branch of radial nerve
what innervates the extensor carpi radialis brevis
radial nerve
what innervates the extensor carpi radialis longus
posteiror interosseous nerve
what innervates the extensor digitorum
posteiror interosseous nerve
what innervates the extensor digiti minimi
posterior interosseous nerve
what innervates the extensor carpi ulnaris
deep branch of radial nerve
what innervates the supinator
posterior interosseous nerve
what innervates the abductor pollicis longus
posterior interosseous nerve
what innervates the extensor pollicis longus
posterior interosseous nerve
what innervates the extensor pollicis brevis
posterior interosseous nerve
what innervates the extensor indicis
flexor digitorum superficialis
what is in the intermediate layer of anterior muscles
medial epicondyle and radius to fingers
where does the flexor digitorum superficialis start and end
flex wrist and fingers PIP joint 2-5
what is the action of the flexor digitorum superficialis
flexor digitorum profundus
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus
what muscles are in the deep layer of the anterior forearm compartment
go to distal phalanges and flex DIP joint 4-5
what do the flexor digitorum profundus go to
more latera, flexes thumb joint
what do flexor pollicis longus go to
hand/wrist flexion
what does the pronator quadratus not do
helps pronation
what does the pronator quadratus do
median nerve
ulnar nerve
what nerves are in the anterior compartment
a. median nerve
b. ulnar nerve
c. ulnar artery
d. common interosseous artery
e. median nerve
f. radial artery
g. anterior interosseous artery and nerve
ulnar artery
radial artery
anterior interosseous artery
what vessels are in the anterior compartment
all forearm muscles except medial 1/2 flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris
(and its branch the anterior interosseous nerve innervates the flexor pollis longus and the pronator quadratus)
what does the median nerve innervate in the anterior forearm
anterior interosseous nerve
what does the median nerve give off
along top of anterior surface of interosseous membrane
where does the anterior interosseous nerve run
flexor pollicis longus
pronator quadratus
what does the anterior interosseous nerve innervate
medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris
what does the ulnar nerve innervate
intrinsic hand on medial side
where does the ulnar nerve go
along medial side
where does the ulnar artery run
along lateral side, more superficial and better to get pulse from
where does the radial artery run
from common interosseous artery from ulnar artery
where does the anterior interosseous artery run
wrist extensors and forearm supinators
what is the shared action of the posterior forearm compartment
brachioradialis
extensor carpi radialis longus
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digiti minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
what muscles are in the superficial layer of the posterior forearm muscles
a. brachioradialis
b. extensor carpi radialis longus
c. extensor carpi radialis brevis
d. extensor digitorum
e. extensor carpi ulnaris
a. supinator
b. abductor pollicis longus
c. extensor pollicis brevis
d. extensor indicis
e. extensor pollicis longus
weak flexion of forearm, holding it at 90 degrees
what is the action of brachioradialis
radial nerve
what innervates the brachioradialis
helps extend wrist, goes with flexor carpi radialis to get wrist abduction (radial deviation)
what does the extensor carpi radialis longus do
gives rise to 4 tendons on all 4 finguers
what is the role of extensor digitorum
pinky extension
what does the extensor digiti minimi do
metacarpal bones
where does the extensor carpi ulnaris go
wrist extension and wrist adduction with flexor carpi ulnaris
what does the extensor carpi ulnaris do
supinator
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor indicis
what are the deep posterior forearm muscles
only supination of the forearm with help from biceps brachii
what does the supinator do
radius, it is deep
what does the supinator wrap around
thumb abduction
what is the action of abductor pollicis longus
off ulna, more medial on back of arm
where does extensor pollicis longus run
more distally than extensor pollicis longus
where does extensor pollicis brevis go
extends index finger to a point
what does extensor indicis do
a. radial nerve
b. deep branch of radial nerve
radial nerve
what are the nerves in the posterior compartment
posterior interosseous artery
distal portion of anterior interosseous artery
what are the vessels in the psoterior compartment
a. supinator
b. posterior interosseous nerve
c. posterior interosseous artery
brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longsu
what does the radial nerve innervate (muscles)
deep branch
posterior interosseous nerve
what are teh branches of the radial nerve
supinator and extensor carpi radialis brevis
what does the deep branch of the radial nerve innervate
deep branch of radial nerve, innervates the remainder of the posterior compartment muscles
where is the posterior interosseous nerve off of
common interosseus artery in anterior compartment
where is the posterior interosseous artery from
atnerior side
what side of the forearm is the carpal tunnel on
tendons of flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus
median nerve
synovial sheaths around flexor tendons
what is within the carpal tunnel
overuse leading to inflammatin and swelling in a small area, can decrease space and impingue on medial nerve
what is carpal tunnel syndrome
lateral 3 fingures, some thumb, but not always palm of hand
where are the differentces in sensation typically with carpal tunnel syndrome
intrinsic muscle of thumb
what can start wasting due to median nerve compression
compresses carpal tunnel space and can exacerbate things and cause issues
what is Phalen's test
exercising, bracing, surgery better on the medial side
what can help carpal tunnel syndrome
triangular depression on lateral side of wrist
what is the anatomical snuff box
a. extensor pollicis longus
b. extensor pollicis brevis
c. radial artery
tendons of abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, and extensor pollicis longus
what forms the anatomical snuff box
a. medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
b. posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm
c. lateral cutaenous nerve of forearm
a. posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm
b. lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm
what does the cutaneous innervation of the forearm