part of foot contacting the ground

what is the plantar

dorsal (superior) surface of the foot

what is the dorsum

sole of foot under calcaneous

what is the heel

some of foot under medial two metatarsals

what is the ball of the foot

ball of the foot

what is the last part of the foot contacting the ground when walking

a to b. medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform bones
c. navicular bone
d. talus bone
e. calcaneus bone
f. cuboid bone
g. metatarsals
h. proximal, intermediate, distal phalanges

a. metatarsals
b. medial cuneiform
c. navicular
d. talus
e. calcaneus
f. metatarsal
g. cuboid
h. talus
calcaneus

1st toe big, great toe

toes 2-5, fifth toe is pinky toe

what are the orders of the toe numbers

tarsals
metatarsals
phalanges
sesamoid bones

what are the general categories of bones of the foot

calcaneous
talus
navicular
cuboid
cuneiform (medial, intermediate, lateral)

what are the tarsal bones

tarsals

what bones make up the hindfoot and midfoot

tarsals

what bones make up the ankle joints

calcaneous

what bone forms large bony protrusion posteriorly

calcaneous

what does the calcaneal tendon attach to (tarsal bone)

talus

what is the domed superior tarsal bone

talus

what bone wedges between tibia and fibula

talus

what tarsal makes up the large portion of the ankle joint

navicular

what bone articulates with the talus

navicular

what tarsal is a crescent shaped bone

navicular

what bone is proximal to the cuneiform

cuboid

what is the most lateral tarsal

distal to the navicular

where is the cuneiform relative to the navicular

medial (first)
intermediate (second)
lateral (third)

what are the different cuneiform bones

five

how many metatarsals are there

a. fibularis longus
b. tibialis posterior
- plantar calcaneonavicular ligament is ligament behind it
c. tibialis anterior
d. short plantar ligament
e. long plantar ligament
f. plantar aponeurosis
g. intrinsic plantar muscles
- flexor hallucis longus is muscle that wraps around ankle and goes to toe

metatarsals

what are the long boes that make up the arch/body of the foot

14

two off big toe, three off each of the rest

how many phalanges are tehre

proximal and distal of big toe

proximal intermediate distal off the rest of the toes 2-5

what are the phalanges

sesamoid bones

what are the two odd bones in the muscle tendon at the head of the first metatarsal on plantar surface

sesamoid bones

what bones are buried in tendons of flexor hallucis brevis tendons

general frictional forces and change up the angle that flexor hallucis brevis inserts on big toe, giving it more of a mechanical advantage

what is the purpose of the sesamoid bones

major supportive structure that bears weight whenever we stand up or use locomotion

what is important about the foot's general role

three arches

what is the support function of the foot based on

act as shock absorbers
help support/distribute body weight
protect BVs
propel body when moving

what do the arches of the foot do?

nerves and arteries bothered and pinched

why do people with flat feet have problems

medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch

what are the arches of the foot

runs on medial longitudinal border of the foot

where is the medial longitudinal arch

medial longitudinal arch

which arch of the foot does not make a footprint

on lateral longitudinal border of the foot, not as high as medial longitudinal arch so it makes a footprint

where is the lateral longitudinal arch

arrangement of the metatarsal bones themselves

where is the transverse arch of the foot

due to how they are shaped and interlock structurally

how do the bones of the arch provide passive support

plantar aponeurosis
long plantar ligament
short plantar ligament
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

what are the layers of fibrous tissue that provide passive support to the arches of the feet

protects underlying tendons, muscles, nerves, BVs
has arch support function

what is the function of the plantar aponeurosis

thickened portion of plantar fascia

functions to provide firm attachment for skin and thus improve grip

what is the plantar aponeurosis

calcaneus to heads of metatarsals and base of proximal phalanx

where does plantar aponeurosis run

from calcaneous to metatarsals

where does the long plantar ligament run

both longitudinal arches

what arches does the long plantar ligament support

short plantar ligament

what layer of the fibrous tissue runs deep to the long plantar ligament

short plantar ligaments

what layer of fibrous tissue runs from the calcaneous to cuboid tarsal bones

inflammation of plantar fascia that makes weight bearing difficult

what is plantar fasciitis

close to calcaneus

where does pain in plantar fasciitis usually originate

heel spur

what can sometimes develop in plantar fasciitis

exercise and stretching of gastroc and soleus

severe cases: corticosteroids but this can wear it away too so be careful

how can plantar fasciitis be helped

plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

what layer of fibrous tissue provides the main support to the medial longitudinal arch

plantar calcaneonavicular

which ligament is considered the spring ligament

which layer of fibrous tissue are stretched out over the course of the day

intrinsice muscles
active contractions of muscles

what provides dynamic support to the arch

tibialis anterior
fibularis longus

which muscles actively contract to support the arch

supports medial longitudinal arch

what is the function of the tibialis anterior relative to the dynamic support of the arch

cuts across transverse arch and wraps under plantar aspect of foot and supports that transverse arch

what is the function of the fibularis longus relative to dynamic support of the arch

pes planus
pes cavus

what are two types of foot shapes

flat feet

what is pes planus

yes, one reason that people are exempt from army

is pes planus common?

supple
rigid

what are two types of pes planus

when foot not weight bearing, their arch looks normal; when weight bearing it flattens out as passive and active supports give way

what is supple pes planus like

bone alignment fitting a certain way

what is rigid pes planus due to

abnormally high arch

due to tight dynamic support

what is pes cavus and what is it from

pain in other joints/muscles that usually do not bear stress

where do problems in the feet often manifest themselves

extend the toes

what do the muscles on the dorsum of the foot do

deep fibular nerve

what are the muscles of the dorsum of the foot innervated by

dorsalis pedis artery

what artery supplies the dorsum of the foot

femoral to popliteal to anterior tibial to dorsalis pedis artery

what eventually becomes the dorsalis pedis artery

big toe extensor

what is the action of the extensor hallucis brevis

extensor of toes 2-5

what is the action of the extensor digitorum brevis

central axis of the foot, bisects 2nd toe and goes to calcaneus

what is an important division line on the plantar side of the foot

medial and lateral plantar nerve

what are two terminal branches of the tibial nerve

medial and lateral plantar nerves

what nerves supply the plantar side of the food

a. extensor digitorum brevis
b. extensor hallucis brevis

two abductors and a flexor

what is in the first (superficial) layer of muscles of the plantar side of the foot made of

abductor hallucis
flexor digitorum brevis
abductor digiti minimi

what is included in the first layer of muscles on the plantar side of the foot

a. abductor digiti minimi
b. flexor digitorum brevis
c. abductor hallucis

medial plantar nerve

what innervates the abductor hallucis

medial plantar nerve

what innnervates the flexor digitorum brevis

lateral plantar nerves

what innervates the abductor digiti minimi

plantar nerves and plantar BVs

what is between the first and second layer of plantar muscles

two muscles, two tendons

what is within the second layer of plantar side foot muscles

quadratus plantae
lumbricals

what muscles are within the second layer of plantar side foot muscles

a. lumbricals
b. quadratus plantae
c. tendon of flexor digitorum longus
d. tendon of flexor hallucis longus

flexor digiti minimi (3rd layer, looks out of place)

tendon of flexor hallucis longus
tendon for flexor digitorum longus

what tendons are within the second layer of plantar side foot muscles

LPN

what innervates the quadratus plantae

MPN

what innervates the first lumbrical

LPN

what innervates the 2-5 lumbricals

flex proximal phalanges and extend intermediate and distal phalanges

what do the lumbricals do

from heel to tendons of flexor hallucis longus

where does the quadratus plantae run

only in lower limb because quadratus plantae pulls on toes so that they don't curl at an angle but straightforward

what is interesting abuot quadratus plantae

flexor digitorum tendons, run to digits

what do the lumbricals attach to

wormlike

what do lumbricals mean

from leg

where are the tendon of flexor hallucis longus and tendon of flexor digitorum longus from

one adductor, two flexors

what is in the third layer of plantar muscles of the foot

flexor hallucis brevis
adductor hallucis
flexor digiti minimi brevis

what are teh msucles in the third layer of plantar muscles in the foot

a. transverse head of adductor hallucis
b. oblique head of adductor hallucis
c. flexor hallucis brevis

flexes proximal phalanx of first toe

what is the role of the flexor hallucis brevis

active during pushoff phase of gait

pulls toes 2-5 and holds transverse arch stable

what is the action of the adductor hallucis

two sesamoid bones

where does the flexor hallucis brevis insert

MPN

what innervates the flexor hallucis brevis

has two muscle heads, looks like a 7

what is interesting about the adductor hallucis

LPN

what innervates the adductor hallucis

LPN

what innervates the flexor digiti minimi brevis

many short muscles and two tendons

what is included in the fourth layer of the plantar side of the foot

a. plantar interossei
b. dorsal interossei

adduction of toes

what is the action of the plantar interossei

3

how many plantar interossei are there

unipennate

are the plantar interossei unipennate or dipennate

abduction of toes

whta is the actin of the dorsal interossei

4

how many dorsal interossei are tehre

bipennate

are dorsal interossei unipennate or dipennate

interossei

what are the short muscles that run in between the metatarsals

three

how many plantar interossei are there

four

how mnay dorsal interossei are there

tendon of fibularis longus

tendon of tibialis posterior

what are the two tendons of fourth layer of the plantar side of the foot

plantar and dorsal interossei

what are the muscles that are in the fourth layer of the plantar side of the foot

dorsalis pedis artery

what artery supplies the dorsum of the foot

arcuate artery

what areter does the dorsalis pedis artery give off distally

anterior tibial artery

what does the dorsalis pedis artery come off of

deep plantar artery that passes to plantar aspect of foot and small digital branches

what comes off the arcuate artery

a. deep plantar artery
b. dorsalis pedis artery
c. anterior tibial artery

goes between toes 1 and 2

what is the path of the deep plantar artery

anterior tibial artery

where is the dorsalis pedis artery from

sends branch to plantar side of foot, anastamoses with some plantar BVs and terminates between first and second toe

what is the course of the dorsalis pedis artery

distal to extensor retinaculum and just laeral to tendon for extensor hallucis longus

where is the palpable dorsalis pedis pulse

arterial insufficiency

what is the dorsalis pedis artery checked for

10%

how much of the populatin have a weak or absent dorsalis pedis artery

medial plantar artery

what is the smaller branch of the posterior tibial artery

medial plantar side of foot

what does the medial plantar artery supply

lateral plantar artery

what is the larger branch of the posterior tibial artery

a. deep plantar artery
b. plantar arch
c. medial plantar artery
d. lateral plantar artery
e. posterior tibial artery

lateral plantar artery

what supplies most of the plantar side of the foot

lateral plantar artery and deep plantar artery (from dorsalis pedis)

what is the plantar arterial arch a union of

plantar arterial arch

what gives off the digital arteries

nope

does the cutaneous information of the foot follow the central axis rule

medial side of dorsum to first metatarsal

what does the saphenous nerve supply

dorsum of foot and parts of digits

what does the superficial fibular nerve supply

between first and second digits

what does the deep fibular nerve supply

medial plantar side of foot and first 3.5 digits

what does the medial plantar nerve supply

lateral plantar side of foot and last 1.5 digits

what does the lateral plantar nerve supply

very lateral side of foot

what does the sural nerve supply

skin of heel

what does the tibial nerve supply

a. sural nerve
b. deep fibular nerve
c. superficial fibular nerve
d. deep fibular nerve
e. sural nerve
f. saphenous nerve

a. tibial nerve
b. sural nerve
c. lateral plantar nerve
d. medial plantar nerve