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Exercise 9

Skeleton, the body's framework, is constructed of two of the most supportive tissue found in the human body~cartilage and ~bone.

Joints, or articulations

This is where the bones connect

1. axial
2. appendicular

The Skeleton is subdivided into divsions:

Cartilages in the adult skeleton

1.articular cover the bones ends at movable joints
2.costal found connecting ribs to the sternum
3.laryngeal largely construct the larynx (voicebox)
4.trahcial and bronchial reinforce passages of the respiratory system
5.nasal support the external nose
6.intervertebral discs
7.supports the ears, epiglottis

Most important cartilages (7) are

water and is fairly resilient.

Cartilage tissue is primarily composed of

perichondrium

The dense connective tissue that covers catillage is called

acts to resist distortion of the cartilage when it is subjected to pressure and plays a role in cartilage growth and repair

Role of the perichondrium

~Hyaline, provides steady support with some resilience or give.
~Elastic, much more flexible than hyaline and resists repeated bending
~consists of rows of chondrocytes alternating with rows of thick collagen fibers.

Describe each
~Hyaline Cartilage
~Elastic Cartilage
~Fibrocartilage

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Texture: Compact or Spongy
Shape: Long, Short, Flat and Irregular

Classification of Bones

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1. sesamoid
2. wormian or sutural bones

Two subcatergories of Irregular bones:

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Bone Markings

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Proximal epiphysis, diapiphysis, Distal epiphysis, epiphyseal plate or line, endosteum, medullary cavity,

Parts of the Long Bone

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Microscopic Structure of the Bone

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Spongy bone has a spiky, open-network appearance and compact bone is dense and homogeneous.

The difference between Compact bone and Spongy bone

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Runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels through the bony matrix.

Describe the Central (Haversian) Canal

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mature bone cells

Osteocytes

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arranged in concentric circles (concentric lamellae)around the central canal.

lacunae (chambers)

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A central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it

Osteon

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tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamellae and then from lamella to lamella; forming a dense transportation network through the hard bone matrix.

canaliculi

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uses hyaline cartilage"bones"as patterns for bone formation.
~The fibrous membrane covering the hyaline cartilage model is vascularized and coverted to a periosteum.
~Osteoblasts at the inner surface of the periosteum
secrete bone matrix around the hyaline cartilage model, forming a bone collar.
~Cartilage in the shaft center calcifies and then hollows out, forming an internal cavity.

endochondral ossification and the major events of this process

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(blood vessels, nerves, red marrow, elements, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts) invades the cavity, which becomes the medullary cavity.

periosteal bud

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1.Cranial
2.Facial

Which two sets of bone compose the skull?

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cranial vault or calcaria

Forming the superior, lateral, and posterior walls of the skull

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1.Anterior cranial fossa
2.Middle cranial fossa
3.Psoterior cranial fossa

Name the three distinct concavities

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Frontal Bone

Anterior portion of the cranium; forms the forehead, superior part of the orbit, and the floor of the anterior cranial fossa

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Supraorbital foramen (notch)

What is the name of the opening above each orbit allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass?

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Smooth area between the eyes

What is the Glabella?

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Saggital suture

Midline articulation point of the two parietal bones

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postlateral to the frontal bone, forming sides of the cranium

The Parietal bone is

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Coronal Suture

Point of articulation point of parietals and frontal bones

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Temporal Bone

Inferior to parietal bone on later skull

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squamous region, tympanic region, mastoid region, petrous region

The frontal bone can be divided into four major parts:

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External Anatomy of the lateral aspect of the skull

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Inferior Region of the skull

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Squamous Suture

Point of articulation of the temporal bone with the parietal bone.

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Zygomatic Process

A bridgelike projection joining the zygomatic bone (cheekbone) anteriorly. Together these two bones form the zygomatic arch.

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mandibular fossa

Rounded depression on the inferior surface of the zygomatic process; forms the socket for the mandibular condyle, the point where the mandible joins the cranium.

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canal leading to ear drum and middle ear

External Acoustic Meatus

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Styloid Process

Needle like projection inferirior to external acoustic meatus; attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the neck. This process is often broken off demonstration skulls.

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Mastoid Process and Mastoiditis

Rough projection inferior and posterior to external acoustic meatus; attachment site for muscles. Full of air cavities and close to the middle ear---- a trouble spot for infections---- often becomes infected too a condition called__________.

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Inflammation of brain coverings

What is meningitis?

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Tiny opening between the mastoid and the styloid processes through which Cranial Nerve VII leaves the cranium.

Styloid foramen

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Jugular Formamen

Opening medial to the styloid process through which the internal jugular vein and cranial nerves IX, X, and XI pass.

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Occipital Bone

Most posterior bone of the cranium

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Carotid Canal

Opening medial to the styloid process through which the internal carotid artery passes into the cranial cavity.

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Internal Acoustic Meatus

Opening on posterior aspect (petrous region) of temporal bone allowing passage of cranial nerves VII and VIII.

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Foramen Lacerum

A jagged opening between the petrous temporal bone and the sphenoid providing passage for a number of small nerves and for the internal carotid artery to enter the middle cranial fossa(after it passes through part of the temporal bone).

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