A cell wall and protoplast.

What do all cells possess?

It surrounds the plant cell and holds the contents of the cell together.

What is the main purpose of the cell wall?

Facilitates communication and the transfer of substances between cells.

What other functions does the cell wall serve?

- Middle Lamella
- Primary Wall
- Secondary Wall
- Plasmodesmata

What makes up the cell wall of plants?

Cements the primary walls of adjacent cells together.

What does the middle lamella do?

The outermost layer of the cell wall.

What is the primary wall?

The innermost layer of the cell wall.

What is the secondary wall?

Cytoplasmic threads that extend through openings in cell walls and connect the protoplasts of adjacent living cells (for communication).

What is the plasmodesmata?

All of the contents within the plant cell (includes nucleus and cytoplasm).

What is the protoplast?

- Nucleus
- Numerous Membrane Bound Organelles

What is within the plant cell's cytoplasm?

An organelle within the cell that is in charge of food manufacture and storage.

What is a plastid?

Chloroplast
Chromoplast
Leucoplast

What are some examples of plastids?

A space within the cytoplasm filled with watery fluid.

What is the vacuole?

The epidermis of an onion.

What are these cells from? Locate the cell wall, nucleus, and cytoplasm.

The epidermis of a tomato.

What lab specimen are these cells from? Locate the cell wall, cell lumen, middle lamella and plasmodesmata.

A Celery Stalk

What lab specimen are these cells from? Locate the cell wall, plastids, and possibly stomata.

Chromoplasts

What type of plastid would most likely be found in tomato tissue?

Chloroplasts

What kind of plastids are probably in celery tissue?

A potato.

What lab specimen are these cells from? Locate the different structures.

Amyloplastids

What kind of plastids are probably in potato tissue?

1) Chloroplasts
2) Rigid Cell Wall
3) Plastids

What are the three characteristics that distinguish plant cells from animal cells?

1) Chloroplast: forms in green plants
2) Chromoplast: forms in pigmented plants
3) Amyloplasts: forms in starch

What are the three principal types of plastids and what is the difference between them?

To connect the protoplasts of adjacent living cells.

What is the purpose of the plasmodesmata?

DEF: A cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus, organelles, and chromosomes in which DNA is associated with proteins.

EX: reptiles, birds

Define a eukaryotic cell and give two examples of eukaryotic organisms.

DEF: A cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.

EX: bacteria

Define a prokaryotic cell and give an example of a prokaryotic organism.

1) Animals
2) Plants
3) Protists
4) Fungi

What are the four main groups of eukaryotes?

Cells create organisms.

Briefly describe Cell Theory.

Organisms create cells.

Briefly describe Organismal Theory.

True

T or F: Plants are eukaryotes.

Dinophyta (dinoflagellates)

What kind of species of algae is this?

- Their flagella beat within two grooves.
- Have permanently condensed chromosomes
- Bioluminescence

Why are dinoflagellates interesting biochemically?

Longitudinal Cell Division

What kind of reproduction do dinoflagellates have?

Bacillariophyta (diatoms)

What kind of species is this?

Polymerized, opaline silica.

What substance makes up diatom walls?

Asexual by cell division.

What kind of reproduction do diatoms have?

Species: Phaeophyta (brown algae)
Hollow Chambers: Conceptacles
Produce: Gamete producing structures (gametangia)

What kind of species is this, what is the name of the hollow chambers and what do they do?

Male Conceptacle.
Produces: Antheridia --> sperm

What gender is this Phaeophyta conceptacle and what does it produce?

Female Conceptacle.
Produces: Oogonia (as opposed to archegonia) --> eggs

What gender is this Phaeophyta conceptacle and what does it produce?

Zygotic Meiosis

What kind of reproduction is present in "Fucus" (or Phaeophyta - brown algae)?

They contain xanthophyll fucoxanthin.

Why are brown algae (usually) brown?

Antheridia produces sperm, Oogonia produces eggs through mitosis.
They are then released for fertilization.

What is going to happen to the cells within oogonia and antheridia?

Sporic Meiosis

What kind of reproduction does Rhodophyta (red algae) undergo?

Energy is stored as Floridean starch in the cytoplasm.

What is unique about Rhodophyta (red algae)?

Rhodophyta (red algae)
Clumped structure: spermatangia
Individual of clumped structure: spermatia

What kind of algal species is this and what are the clumped and individual structures?

They contain phycobilins.

Why are red algae red?

Red algae occur in deeper water, and their coloration is well suited to this habitat because it absorbs green and blue-green light that penetrates at that depth.

Where do red algae tend to occur and what about their coloration is an adaptation to their habitat?

Chlorophyta (green algae)

What is the second largest group of algae?

Paraphyletic

What kind of grouping is Chlorophyta (green algae)?

Volvox aureus
Chlorophyta (green algae)
1n

What is the name of this specimen and what type of algae is it? What ploidy level?

Colonial

Is Volvox unicellular or colonial?

Motile

Is Volvox motile or non-motile?

Juvenile spheroids that hatch from the larger sphere activated by heat or hormones depending upon if they're male or female.

What are the smaller spheres inside the larger spheres in Volvox and how do they emerge from the larger sphere?

Class Charophyceae (charaphytes)

What plant class are stoneworts a part of?

Spirogyra
Chlorophyta (green algae)
2n

What specimen is this and what type of algae is it? Also label the cell walls and chloroplasts. What is the ploidy level?

Chloroplasts

What are the spiral-like structures in Spirogyra?

Chara
Chlorphyta (green algae)
"Bulb" = Antheridium
Green outgrowth = Ooganium

What specimen is this and what type of algae is it? Label the antheridium and ooganium.

Oogamous

What kind of reproduction is present in Chara?

Sperm by mitosis.

What cells are released by antheridia, and by what kind of cell division (mitosis or meiosis) are they produced?

Eggs by mitosis.

What kinds of cells are produced by oogonia, and by what kind of cell division are they produced?

It becomes a zygote by meiosis and than goes through mitosis.

What will happen in the oogonia after fertilization?

Zygotic and Sporic Meiosis

What are the two different kinds of reproductive means of fertilization?

Alternation of Generations

What is another name for Sporic Meiosis?

Phaeophyta

What phyla is called brown algae?

Monophyletic Group

What indicates all the descendants of a common ancestor?

Zygotic

Meiosis in which the dominant phase is haploid (some algae and fungi).

Sporic Meiosis

Meiosis also known as "alternation of generations".

Common Ancestor

fThe root of a phylogenetic tree represents a ____________ .

Cyanobacteria

The first photosynthetic organisms that were also called "blue-green algae".

Rhodophyta

This phyla is also called red algae.

Endosymbiosis

Cells engulfed by heterotrophic eukaryotes but, rather than being digested, became symbiotes living within the cell.

Phycobilins

The photosynthetic pigment that is responsible for the red color in red algae.

Fucocanthin

The photosynthetic pigment that is responsible for the brown color in brown algae.

1) Hepatophyta (liverworts)
2) Anthocerophyta (hornworts)
3) Brophyta (mosses)

Name the three phyla of non-vascular land plants.

To anchor the plants.

What is the main function of rhizoids?

Sporopollenin keeps plant spores from drying out while the cuticle accomplishes the same task for the adult plant.

What is the difference between sporopollenin and cuticle?

"Capsule"

What is another term for sporangium?

To produce spores.

What is the purpose of the sporangium?

Both of these structures are haploid rather than diploid as in true leaves and stems.

Why do we use quotation marks when referring to "leaf" and "stem" in mosses?

Sporophytes - spore producing (diploid phase)
Stomata - small openings within the epidermis of leaves and stems
- only found on sporophytes, not gametophytes

How do the pores on liverwort gametophytes and the stomata on the sporophytes of hornworts, mosses and vascular plants differ? What is their function? What are they?

1) the presence of male and female gametangia
2) Retention of zygote and developing multicellular embryo within female gametophyte
3) presence of diploid multicellular sporohyte
4) Multicellular sporangia
5) Meiospores w/ sporopollenin walls
6) tissues that are produced by apical meristem

List and explain the innovations that occurred in Bryophytes that distinguish them from the Charophytes.

- Cellulose
- Starch stored in plastids
- Chlorophylls a and b
etc.

What major innovations do the green algae have that connects them to land plants?

Means "plants"
Includes Bryophytes and vascular plants because both produce embryos

Plants are also known as embryophytes. What does this term mean?

Where the gemmae is produced.

What is the function of gemmae cups in Hepatophyta (liverworts)?

Asexual reproduction.

What kind of reproduction (sexual or asexual) are gemmae involved in?

So that they may be dispersed by rainfall.

Why are gemmae found in little cup structures?

Thallus liverworts: no leaf structures and are flat
"Leafy" liverworts: have leaf structure

What is the difference between a thallus liverwort and a "leafy" liverwort?

Thallus of the gametophyte.

Where does the antheridial head of a liverwort arise from?

Haploid (1n)

What is the ploidy level of the antheridial head of a liverwort?

Through raindrops splashing sperm onto the egg.

Once it has reached the archegoniophore in a liverwort, how does the sperm reach the egg?

Haploid (1n)

What is the ploidy level of the archegoniophore in a liverwort?

Label the spores, foot, seta, calyptra and sporangium in this liverwort sporophyte.

Diploid (2n)

What is the ploidy level of a liverwort sporophyte?

The sporophyte matures and releases the spores.

How do the spores leave the sporophyte in a liverwort?

The spores germinate and become male or female gametophytes.

What happens to liverwort spores once they leave the sporophyte? What will they become?

Bryophyte (mosses)

What is this a picture of?

Gametophyte (1n), Sporophyte (2n), Seta (1n), Sporangium (2n), Calyptra (2n)

What are the ploidy levels of these Bryophyte structures: gametophyte, sporophyte, seta, sporangium, calyptra.

On the gametophytes.

Where would you find a stomata?

On this Medicago root, label the epidermis, xylem, phloem, cortex and pith.

- Procambium: Vascular Bundles
- Protoderm: epidermis
- Ground Meristem: Cortex

What kinds of meristemic tissue (procambium, protoderm, or ground meristem) do the vascular bundles, epidermis, and cortex come from?

Conducts most of the water and minerals.

What is the function of the xylem?

Conducts food.

What is the function of the phloem?

Label the upper epidermis, lower epidermis, xylem and phloem of the Medicago Leaf.