SUBDIVISON OF THE LAYER: SURFACE EPITHELIUM, LAMINA PROPRIA, MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE
MAJOR FUNCTIONS: SECRETION, ABSORPTION, AND PROTECTION

THE GENERAL ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL GIVEN THE LAYER, NAME THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE LAYER, AND MAJOR FUNCTIONS.

WALL LAYER: MUCOSA

SUBDIVISON OF THE LAYER: NONE
MAJOR FUNCTIONS: NUTRITION AND PROTECTION

THE GENERAL ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL GIVEN THE LAYER, NAME THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE LAYER, AND MAJOR FUNCTIONS.

WALL LAYER: SUBMUCOSA

SUBDIVISON OF THE LAYER: SMOOTH MUSCLE LAYERS ARE= INNER LAYER(CIRCULARLY) AND OUTER LAYER(LONGITUDINALLY)
MAJOR FUNCTIONS: REGULATOR OF GI MOTILITY

THE GENERAL ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL GIVEN THE LAYER, NAME THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE LAYER, AND MAJOR FUNCTIONS.

WALL LAYER: MUSCULARIS EXTERNA

SUBDIVISON OF THE LAYER: VISCERAL PERITONEUM, MESOTHELIUM, ADVENTITIA (EPITHELIUM AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES)
MAJOR FUNCTIONS: ANCHORS, PROTECTS, AND REDUCES FRICTION

THE GENERAL ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL GIVEN THE LAYER, NAME THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE LAYER, AND MAJOR FUNCTIONS.

WALL LAYER: SEROSA OR ADVENTITIA

1. ALIMENTARY
2. DIGESTIVE (GI)

THE TUBELIKE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM CANAL THAT EXTENDS FROM THE MOUTH TO THE ANUS IS KNOWN AS THE __1__ CANAL OR THE __2__ TRACT.

BESIDES CIRCULAR AND LONGITUDINAL LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLES, IT HAS INNERMOST LAYER THAT RUNS OBLIQUELY.

HOW IS THE MUSCULARIS EXTERNA OF THE STOMACH MODIFIED?

LETS STOMACH MIX, CHURN AND MOVE FOOD ALONG TRACT (CIRCULAR/LONGITUDINAL) BUT ALSO TO PUMMEL FOOD, BREAK DOWN INTO SMALLER PIECES AND RAM FOOD TO SMALL INTESTINE (OBLIQUE).

HOW DOES THIS MODIFICATION RELATE TO THE FUNCTION OF THE STOMACH?

SQUAMOUS CELLS IN THE ESOPHAGUS TO COLUMNAR CELL IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA.

WHAT TRANSITION IN EPITHELIAL TYPE EXISTS AT THE GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION?

SIMPLE COLUMNAR (GASTRIC) FOR ABSORPTION AND STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS (ESOPHAGUS) FOR PROTECTION.

HOW DO THE EPITHELIA OF THESE TWO ORGANS RELATE TO THEIR SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS?

I only ask that if you find these notecards helpful, you join Easy Notecards and create at least one notecard set to help others out. It can be for any subject or class. Thanks and don’t forget to rate my helpfulness!

Ok, so you’re using my notecards which is great. I am glad I could help you out cause I wish I had someone to help me out when I took this course. I know Anatomy is super hard.

LARGE INTESTINE EXTENDS FROM ILEOCECAL VALVE TO ANUS, BUT COLON IS PART OF THE LARGE INTESTINE AND DIVIDED INTO: ASCENDING, DESCENDING AND SIGMOID COLON.

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN THE COLON AND THE LARGE INTESTINE.

MESENTERY

STRUCTURES THAT SUSPEND THE SMALL INTESTINE FROM THE POSTERIOR BODY WALL

VILLI

FINGERLIKE EXTENSIONS OF THE INTESTINAL MUCOSA THAT INCREASE THE SURFACE AREA FOR ABSORPTION

PEYER'S PATCHES

LARGE COLLECTIONS OF LYMPHOID TISSUE FOUND IN THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

CIRCULAR FOLDS

DEEP FOLDS OF THE MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA THAT EXTEND COMPLETELY OR PARTIALLY AROUND THE CIRCUMFERENCE OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

ORAL CAVITY, STOMACH

REGIONS THAT BREAK DOWN FOODSTUFFS MECHANICALLY

TONGUE

MOBILE ORGAN THAT MANIPULATES FOOD IN THE MOUTH AND INITIATES SWALLOWING

PHARYNX

CONDUIT FOR BOTH AIR AND FOOD

GREATER OMENTUM, MESENTERY, LESSER OMENTUM

THREE STRUCTURES CONTINUOUS WITH AND REPRESENTING MODIFICATIONS OF THE PERITONEUM

ESOPHAGUS

THE "GULLET"; NO DIGESTIVE/ABSORPTION FUNCTION

RUGAE

FOLDS OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA

HAUSTRA

SACCULATIONS OF THE LARGE INTESTINE

MICROVILLI

PROJECTIONS OF THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF A MUCOSAL EPITHELIAL CELL

ILEOCECAL VALVE

VALVE AT THE JUNCTION OF THE SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE

SMALL INTESTINE

PRIMARY REGION OF FOOD AND WATER ABSORPTION

FRENULUM

MEMBRANE SECURING THE TONGUE TO THE FLOOR OF THE MOUTH

LARGE INTESTINE

ABSORBS WATER AND FORMS FECES

VESTIBULE

AREA BETWEEN THE TEETH AND LIPS/CHEEKS

APPENDIX

WORMLIKE SAC THAT OUTPOCKETS FROM THE CECUM

STOMACH

INITIATES PROTEIN DIGESTION

LESSER OMENTUM

STRUCTURES ATTACHED TO THE LESSER CURVATURE OF THE STOMACH

SMALL INTESTINE

ORGAN DISTAL TO THE STOMACH

PYLORIC VALVE

VALVE CONTROLLING FOOD MOVEMENT FROM THE STOMACH INTO THE DUODENUM

SOFT PALATE

POSTEROSUPERIOR BOUNDARY OF THE ORAL CAVITY

SMALL INTESTINE

LOCATION OF THE HEPATOPANCREATIC SPHINCTER THROUGH WHICH PANCREATIC SECRETIONS AND BILE PASS

PARIETAL PERITONEUM

SEROUS LINING OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY WALL

LARGE INTESTINE

PRINCIPAL SITE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN K BY MICROORGANISMS

ANUS

REGION CONTAINING TWO SPHINCTERS THROUGH WHICH FECES ARE EXPELLED FROM THE BODY

HARD PALATE

BONE-SUPPORTED ANTEROSUPERIOR BOUNDARY OF THE ORAL CAVITY

CLINICAL CROWN

VISIBLE PORTION OF THE TOOTH IN SITU

CEMENTUM

MATERIAL COVERING THE TOOTH ROOT

ENAMEL

HARDEST SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY

PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

ATTACHES THE TOOTH TO BONE AND SURROUNDING ALVEOLAR STRUCTURES

ROOT

PORTION OF THE TOOTH EMBEDDED IN BONE

DENTIN

FORMS THE MAJOR PORTION OF TOOTH STRUCTURE, SIMILAR TO BONE

ODONTOBLAST

PRODUCES THE DENTIN

PULP

SITE OF BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, AND LYMPHATICS

ANATOMICAL CROWN

ENTIRE PORTION OF THE TOOTH COVERED WITH ENAMEL

1. 20
2. 32

IN THE HUMAN, THE NUMBER OF DECIDUOUS TEETH IS __1__; THE NUMBER OF PERMANENT TEETH IS __2__.

2 INCISORS, 1 CANINE, 2 PREMOLARS AND 3 MOLARS ON UPPER TEATH, 2 INCISORS, 1 CANINE, 2 PREMOLARS AND 3 MOLARS ON LOWER TEETH. MULTIPLIED BY 2.

THE DENTAL FORMULA FOR PERMANENT TEETH IS

2,1,2,3
------- x 2
2,1,2,3

EXPLAIN WHAT THIS MEANS.

2,1,0,2
------- x 2 = 20
2,1,0,2

WHAT IS THE DENTAL FORMULA FOR THE DECIDUOUS TEETH?

THE THIRD MOLARS

WHICH TEETH ARE THE "WISDOM TEETH"?

DUODENAL GLANDS

PRODUCE(S) MUCUS; FOUND IN THE SUBMUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

SALIVARY GLANDS

PRODUCE(S) A PRODUCT CONTAINING AMYLASE THAT BEGINS STARCH BREAKDOWN IN THE MOUTH

PANCREAS

PRODUCE(S) A WHOLE SPECTRUM OF ENZYMES AND AN ALKALINE FLUID THAT IS SECRETED INTO THE DUODENUM

LIVER

PRODUCE(S) BILE THAT IT SECRETES INTO THE DUODENUM VIA THE BILE DUCT

GASTRIC GLANDS

PRODUCE(S) HCI AND PEPSINOGEN

INTESTINAL CRYPTS

FOUND IN THE MUCOSA OF THE SMALL INTESTINE; PRODUCE(S) INTESTINAL JUICE

PAROTID GLAND

WHICH OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS PRODUCES A SECRETION THAT IS MAINLY SEROUS?

STORES BILE

WHAT IS THE ROLE OF THE GALLBLADDER?

HEPATIC ARTERY, HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN, AND BILE DUCT.

NAME THREE STRUCTURES ALWAYS FOUND IN THE PORTAL TRIAD REGIONS OF THE LIVER.

SINUSOID WALLS.
REMOVE DEBRIS SUCH AS BACTERIA OR WORNOUT BLOOD CELLS FROM THE BLOOD.

WHERE WOULD YOU EXPECT TO FIND THE KUPFFER CELLS OF THE LIVER? WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION?

BECAUSE IT HAD A HIGH AMOUNT OF BLOOD THAT CIRCULATES THROUGH THE LIVER.

WHY IS THE LIVER SO DARK RED IN THE LIVING ANIMAL?

ACINAR CELLS

THE PANCREAS HAS TWO MAJOR POPULATIONS OF SECRETORY CELLS - THOSE IN THE ISLETS AND THE ACINAR CELLS, WHICH POPULATIONS SERVES THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS?