Osseous connective tissue
aka bone

What is the:
Hard, calcified, and matrix containing many collagen fibers

Lacunae

Osteocytes lie in

vascularized

Bones are very well ____________

skeleton

The framework of the body is

cartilage and bone

The skeleton is constructed of 2 of the most supportive tissues in the human body

hyaline cartilage

rigid bones

The skeleton is predominately composed of
___________ : in embryo
___________ : in adults

Isolated.
(external ears, bridge of nose, larynx, trachea, joints, and parts of the rib cage)

Cartilage persists only in __________ areas.

joints or articulation

Bones are connected at the __________ or _________.

axial and appendicular

skeleton is subdivided into 2 groups

206 (WOAHHH!)

How many bones are found in an adult body?

Compact and Spongy

Skeletons are composed of 2 basic tissues that differ in texture:

Smooth and homogeneous

texture of compact bone

small trabeculae (bars) of bones
and lots of open space

What are spongy bones composed of?

long
short
irregular
flat

4 groups of bones:

- much LONGER than they are WIDE.
- consists of SHAFTS with HEADS at either ENDS.
- composed predominantly of COMPACT bone.

General characterstics of Long bone:
- much _________ than they are wide.
- consists of _______ with heads at either ____.
- composed predominantly of _________ bone.

- cube
- spongy

Short bones are typically _______ shaped.
Contain more _____ bone than compact bone.

2 layers of compact bones with a layer of spongy bone in between.

Flat bones are generally thin.
They have 2 wafer-like layers which is composed of:

curved

Although flat bone implies a flat surface, many bones are ________.

irregular bones

Bones that do not fall into the long, short or flat category, fit into _________

sesamoid bone

special types of short bones formed in tendons are called ___________

sutural bones or wormian

tiny bones found between cranial bones are called ________ or wormian

- where the bones form joints with other bones,
- where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached,
- where blood vessels and nerves passed

the markings on the bone reveal:

- where the bones form ______ with other bones,
- where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were ______,
- where __________ and __________ passed

- diaphysis

Anatomy of a long bone:

- Shaft is called - ___________

periosteum

- A fibrous membrane covering the bone surface -________

Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

- Fibers of the periosteum penetrating into the bone- ___________________________

periosteum

Blood vessel and nerves travel through the ___________ and invade the bone

epiphysis

- end of the long bone - _____________________

articular cartilage

- A glassy hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum - _________________

friction

Articular cartilage prevents _________ at joint surfaces.

Epiphyseal plate

A thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudal growth of the bone during youth.

Epiphyseal line

Once the bone has stopped growing, the plates are replaced with bone and appear as thin and barely discernible remnants-

yellow marrow

In adults, The central cavity or the medullary cavity of the shaft is a storage region for adipose tissue or _____________ marrow

red marrow

In infants, the central cavity or the medullary cavity of the shaft is involved in forming blood cells, so __________ marrow is found.

Epiphyses (occupies the spaces b/w the trabeculae of spongy bone)

In adults the red marrow is confined to the interior of ___________.

trabeculae
canals of compact bone

Endosteum covers the -
__________ of spongy bones
lines the canals of _________ bone

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts

Periosteum and Endosteum both contains ___________ and ____________.

retardation

An abnormally thin epiphyseal plate indicates growth ________

Inorganic calcium salts

The hardness of the bone is due to the inorganic ___________ salts deposited in its ground substances

organic elements of the matrix.
(collagen fibers)

Bones flexibity comes from the _________ elements f the matrix

Central (Harversian) Canal

Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:

A canal that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels through the bony matrix

osteocytes

lacunae

Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:

- mature bone cells: ___________
- the mature bone cells are located in chambers called: ____________

circumferential lamellae

Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:

Lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around the central canal

Osteon or Haversian system

Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:

A central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it are referred to as ______ or _________ system

Canalicli

Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:

Tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella.

Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal

Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:

Canals that run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum at right angle to the shaft

covers the bone ends at movable joints

Location of Articular cartilage

found connecting the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)

Location of Costal cartilage

largely constructs the larynx (voice box)

Location of Laryngeal cartilage

reinforces other passageway of the respiratory system

Location of Tracheal and Bronchial cartilages

supports the external nose

Location of Nasal cartilages

seperates and cushions the vertebrae

Location of Invertebral discs

nerves or blood vessels

Cartilage tissues contain NO ____________ or __________

perichondrium

Cartilage is surrounded by a covering of dense connective tissue called a _____________

distortion (under pressure)
growth and development

Perichondrium resists __________________ and also plays a role in _______ and __________.

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

3 types of Cartilage tissues

Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage tissue that looks like frosted glass.
Most abundant.
Provides sturdy support.

Elastic cartilage

Cartilage tissue that is known as "hyaline cartilage with more elastic fibers."
More flexible than hyaline cartilage.
Cartilages of external ears and epiglottis.

rows of CHONDROCYTES and rows of thick COLLAGEN FIBERS

Fibrocartilage consists of rows of __________ alternating with rows of thick _________ ________.

CARTILAGE and DENSE REGULAR CONN. TISSUE

Fibrocartilage tissue looks like a hybrid of 2 types of tissues...

they have great tensile strength and withstand heavy compression

Why are fibrocartilages used to contruct the invertebral discs and cartilages within the knee joints?

Axial- Green
Appendicular- Tan

What color are the Axial bones represented in this picture?
What about Appendicular bones?

Identify the parts.

Identify the parts of the long bone

A 3-D view of spongy bone and compact bone of the Epiphysis

tuberosity
crest
trochanter
line
tubercle
epicondyle
spine
process

Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachments.

Tuberosity

Large rounded projection; may be roughened.

Crest

Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent

Trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

Line

Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than crest

Tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Epicondyle

Raised area, on or above a condyle

Spine

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus

Projections that help to form joints

Head

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle

Rounded articular projection

Ramus

Armlike bar of bone

Sinus

space within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane

Meatus
Fossa
Groove
Fissure
Foramen

Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass

Meatus

canal- like passageway

fossa

Shallow, basin- like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

groove

furrow

Fissure

narrow, slitlike opening

foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Long bone

The 4 major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular.
Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?

Long bone

Femur, Humerus, Tibia, Fibula,Radius, Ulna, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges are examples of ________ bone.

Short

carpals and tarsals are ____ bones.

Flat

Scapula, Sternum, Cranium, Coxal, Pelvis, and Ribs are ________ bones

Irregular

Vertebrae, sacrum, and mandible are ______ bones

tendons and ligaments thru tendons and ligaments

Periosteum is the attachement point of what.

Periosteum -> Perforating canals -> central canals -> canaliculi -> Lancunae -> Osteocytes

Route taken by nutrients through a bone starting with periosteum and ending with osteocytes

flexibility and strength

organic matrix in bone gives bone...

hardness and compressional strength

inorganic material in bone gives bone...