Lab 7: Overview of Skeleton
Osseous connective tissue
aka bone
What is the:
Hard, calcified, and matrix containing many collagen fibers
Lacunae
Osteocytes lie in
vascularized
Bones are very well ____________
skeleton
The framework of the body is
cartilage and bone
The skeleton is constructed of 2 of the most supportive tissues in the human body
hyaline cartilage
rigid bones
The skeleton is predominately composed of
___________ : in embryo
___________ : in adults
Isolated.
(external ears, bridge of nose, larynx, trachea, joints, and parts of the rib cage)
Cartilage persists only in __________ areas.
joints or articulation
Bones are connected at the __________ or _________.
axial and appendicular
skeleton is subdivided into 2 groups
206 (WOAHHH!)
How many bones are found in an adult body?
Compact and Spongy
Skeletons are composed of 2 basic tissues that differ in texture:
Smooth and homogeneous
texture of compact bone
small trabeculae (bars) of bones
and lots of open space
What are spongy bones composed of?
long
short
irregular
flat
4 groups of bones:
- much LONGER than they are WIDE.
- consists of SHAFTS with HEADS at either ENDS.
- composed predominantly of COMPACT bone.
General characterstics of Long bone:
- much _________ than they are wide.
- consists of _______ with heads at either ____.
- composed predominantly of _________ bone.
- cube
- spongy
Short bones are typically _______ shaped.
Contain more _____ bone than compact bone.
2 layers of compact bones with a layer of spongy bone in between.
Flat bones are generally thin.
They have 2 wafer-like layers which is composed of:
curved
Although flat bone implies a flat surface, many bones are ________.
irregular bones
Bones that do not fall into the long, short or flat category, fit into _________
sesamoid bone
special types of short bones formed in tendons are called ___________
sutural bones or wormian
tiny bones found between cranial bones are called ________ or wormian
- where the bones form joints with other bones,
- where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were attached,
- where blood vessels and nerves passed
the markings on the bone reveal:
- where the bones form ______ with other bones,
- where muscles, tendons, and ligaments were ______,
- where __________ and __________ passed
- diaphysis
Anatomy of a long bone:
- Shaft is called - ___________
periosteum
- A fibrous membrane covering the bone surface -________
Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
- Fibers of the periosteum penetrating into the bone- ___________________________
periosteum
Blood vessel and nerves travel through the ___________ and invade the bone
epiphysis
- end of the long bone - _____________________
articular cartilage
- A glassy hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphyseal surface in place of the periosteum - _________________
friction
Articular cartilage prevents _________ at joint surfaces.
Epiphyseal plate
A thin area of hyaline cartilage that provides for longitudal growth of the bone during youth.
Epiphyseal line
Once the bone has stopped growing, the plates are replaced with bone and appear as thin and barely discernible remnants-
yellow marrow
In adults, The central cavity or the medullary cavity of the shaft is a storage region for adipose tissue or _____________ marrow
red marrow
In infants, the central cavity or the medullary cavity of the shaft is involved in forming blood cells, so __________ marrow is found.
Epiphyses (occupies the spaces b/w the trabeculae of spongy bone)
In adults the red marrow is confined to the interior of ___________.
trabeculae
canals of compact bone
Endosteum covers the -
__________ of spongy bones
lines the canals of _________ bone
Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
Periosteum and Endosteum both contains ___________ and ____________.
retardation
An abnormally thin epiphyseal plate indicates growth ________
Inorganic calcium salts
The hardness of the bone is due to the inorganic ___________ salts deposited in its ground substances
organic elements of the matrix.
(collagen fibers)
Bones flexibity comes from the _________ elements f the matrix
Central (Harversian) Canal
Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:
A canal that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone and carries blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels through the bony matrix
osteocytes
lacunae
Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:
- mature bone cells: ___________
- the mature bone cells are located in chambers called: ____________
circumferential lamellae
Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:
Lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around the central canal
Osteon or Haversian system
Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:
A central canal and all the concentric lamellae surrounding it are referred to as ______ or _________ system
Canalicli
Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:
Tiny canals radiating outward from a central canal to the lacunae of the first lamella and then from lamella to lamella.
Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal
Identify the microscopic structures of compact bone:
Canals that run into the compact bone and marrow cavity from the periosteum at right angle to the shaft
covers the bone ends at movable joints
Location of Articular cartilage
found connecting the ribs to the sternum (breastbone)
Location of Costal cartilage
largely constructs the larynx (voice box)
Location of Laryngeal cartilage
reinforces other passageway of the respiratory system
Location of Tracheal and Bronchial cartilages
supports the external nose
Location of Nasal cartilages
seperates and cushions the vertebrae
Location of Invertebral discs
nerves or blood vessels
Cartilage tissues contain NO ____________ or __________
perichondrium
Cartilage is surrounded by a covering of dense connective tissue called a _____________
distortion (under pressure)
growth and development
Perichondrium resists __________________ and also plays a role in _______ and __________.
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
3 types of Cartilage tissues
Hyaline cartilage
Cartilage tissue that looks like frosted glass.
Most abundant.
Provides sturdy support.
Elastic cartilage
Cartilage tissue that is known as "hyaline cartilage with more elastic fibers."
More flexible than hyaline cartilage.
Cartilages of external ears and epiglottis.
rows of CHONDROCYTES and rows of thick COLLAGEN FIBERS
Fibrocartilage consists of rows of __________ alternating with rows of thick _________ ________.
CARTILAGE and DENSE REGULAR CONN. TISSUE
Fibrocartilage tissue looks like a hybrid of 2 types of tissues...
they have great tensile strength and withstand heavy compression
Why are fibrocartilages used to contruct the invertebral discs and cartilages within the knee joints?
Axial- Green
Appendicular- Tan
What color are the Axial bones represented in this picture?
What about Appendicular bones?
Identify the parts.
Identify the parts of the long bone
A 3-D view of spongy bone and compact bone of the Epiphysis
tuberosity
crest
trochanter
line
tubercle
epicondyle
spine
process
Projections that are sites of muscle and ligament attachments.
Tuberosity
Large rounded projection; may be roughened.
Crest
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
Trochanter
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Line
Narrow ridge of bone; less prominent than crest
Tubercle
Small rounded projection or process
Epicondyle
Raised area, on or above a condyle
Spine
Sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Head
Facet
Condyle
Ramus
Projections that help to form joints
Head
Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
Facet
Smooth, nearly flat articular surface
Condyle
Rounded articular projection
Ramus
Armlike bar of bone
Sinus
space within a bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
Meatus
Fossa
Groove
Fissure
Foramen
Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerves to pass
Meatus
canal- like passageway
fossa
Shallow, basin- like depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface
groove
furrow
Fissure
narrow, slitlike opening
foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Long bone
The 4 major anatomical classifications of bones are long, short, flat, and irregular.
Which category has the least amount of spongy bone relative to its total volume?
Long bone
Femur, Humerus, Tibia, Fibula,Radius, Ulna, Metacarpals, Metatarsals, and Phalanges are examples of ________ bone.
Short
carpals and tarsals are ____ bones.
Flat
Scapula, Sternum, Cranium, Coxal, Pelvis, and Ribs are ________ bones
Irregular
Vertebrae, sacrum, and mandible are ______ bones
tendons and ligaments thru tendons and ligaments
Periosteum is the attachement point of what.
Periosteum -> Perforating canals -> central canals -> canaliculi -> Lancunae -> Osteocytes
Route taken by nutrients through a bone starting with periosteum and ending with osteocytes
flexibility and strength
organic matrix in bone gives bone...
hardness and compressional strength
inorganic material in bone gives bone...